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01 / 843 — Verdun: a western kingdom

The presentation of the Vivian Bible to Charles the Bald

Anonymous illuminators, Saint-Martin of Tours · Mid-9th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Latin 1, fol. 423r

This Carolingian illumination shows Charles the Bald receiving a Bible from Count Vivian and the monks of Tours. Charles received the western kingdom in the partition of 843. The image is close to his lifetime, but it depicts a manuscript presentation—not the signing of the Treaty of Verdun.

Anonymous illuminators, Saint-Martin of Tours · Public domain (per source record)

02 / 987 — Hugh Capet becomes king

The coronation of Hugh Capet

Anonymous illuminator · 14th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2615, fol. 148v

A miniature in the Grandes Chroniques de France represents Hugh Capet’s coronation. It was made centuries after 987: the ceremonial setting reflects a later medieval understanding of the beginning of Capetian kingship, not an eyewitness record.

Anonymous illuminator · Public domain (per source record)

03 / 1204 — Normandy joins the royal domain

Les bouches inutiles

Francis Tattegrain · 1886

Musée Lombart, Doullens

Tattegrain depicts civilians expelled from Château-Gaillard during the siege of 1203–1204. Their plight places the human cost of Philip II’s conquest of Normandy in the foreground. This is a 19th-century historical interpretation, not a medieval witness image.

Francis Tattegrain; reproduction credited to Didier Rykner in the source record · Public domain (per source record)

04 / 1271 — The inheritance of Toulouse

Alphonse of Poitiers swears to respect the customs of Agen

Anonymous illuminator · 13th century

Livre des statuts et coutumes de la ville d’Agen; image supplied by Archives départementales de Lot-et-Garonne

The count takes an oath before the consuls of Agen. Alphonse and his wife Jeanne held Toulouse; their deaths without an heir in 1271 brought their lands to the royal domain. This miniature illustrates the count’s exercise of authority, not the subsequent transfer of the inheritance.

Anonymous illuminator · Public domain (per source record)

Resolution. The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

Catalogue note. Historically specific but the source file is only 600 × 423 px; no artificial upscaling is applied.

05 / 1453 — Castillon: the English retreat

The Battle of Castillon-sur-Dordogne

Anonymous illuminator · Last quarter of the 15th century

British Library, Royal 20 C IX, fol. 263

This late-medieval manuscript miniature depicts Castillon, the decisive French victory of 1453. It was illuminated after the battle rather than drawn on the field. A different manuscript depiction is used for the same event in the Hundred Years’ War story.

Anonymous illuminator · Public domain (per source record)

06 / 1481 — Provence passes to Louis XI

Louis XI, from the Recueil des rois de France

Master of the Hours of Henri II · 16th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2848

This later illuminated royal portrait represents Louis XI, who inherited Provence after Charles III’s death in 1481. It is a dynastic portrait from Jean du Tillet’s history of the French kings, not a depiction of the bequest or an authenticated life portrait.

Master of the Hours of Henri II · Public domain (per source record)

Resolution. The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

Catalogue note. The reviewed source file is 733 × 1024 px. No invented high-resolution detail is added.

07 / 1532 — The union of Brittany

Portrait of Francis I, King of France

Jean Clouet · 1527–1530

Musée du Louvre, INV 3256

Clouet’s portrait introduces the king under whom Brittany’s union with the French crown was formalized in 1532. Painted near the time of the union, it is a portrait of the ruler—not an image of the Edict being signed.

Jean Clouet · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. This verified reproduction is 805 × 1026 px; source-limited resolution, not upscaled.

08 / 1648 — Westphalia: a new balance

The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster

Gerard ter Borch · 1648

National Gallery, London, NG896; also catalogued by the Rijksmuseum as SK-C-1683

Ter Borch depicts the Spanish–Dutch ratification at Münster on 15 May 1648. This ceremony belongs to the wider Westphalian peace settlements. It is not the signing of France’s October treaty, so it serves here as contemporary context for the diplomacy of 1648.

Gerard ter Borch · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. The National Gallery is the owning collection. Historical Rijksmuseum loans are not presented as a verified current display location.

09 / 1659 — The Treaty of the Pyrenees

The meeting of Louis XIV and Philip IV on Pheasants Island

Jacques Laumosnier · 17th century (catalogued; exact date uncertain)

Musée de Tessé, Le Mans — LM 10.101

A later reconstruction of the royal meeting associated with the Franco-Spanish peace settlement. It is not an eyewitness view of the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.

Jacques Laumosnier · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. The source gives a broad 17th-century date and calls the meeting 1659; do not treat that event date as the painting date or assert an exact production year.

10 / 1678 — Franche-Comté becomes French

The signing of the peace between France and Spain at Nijmegen

Henri Gascar (also Gascard) · 17th century

Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen, 1978.05.2

Gascar depicts the Franco-Spanish peace ceremony at Nijmegen in 1678. The settlement confirmed Spain’s cession of Franche-Comté to France. The source dates the painting only to the 17th century; the date of the represented treaty is not substituted for the date of the canvas.

Henri Gascar (also Gascard) · Public domain (per source record)

11 / 1766 — Lorraine joins France

Portrait of Stanislaus Leszczyński

Jean Girardet · 1725–1750 (catalogued range)

National Museum in Kraków, MNK XII-313

A period portrait of Stanislaus, the last duke of Lorraine. His death in 1766 triggered incorporation into France; this portrait is not a depiction of that administrative act.

Jean Girardet / National Museum in Kraków; photograph: Jakub Płoszaj · Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction

12 / 1768 — Corsica: a contested transfer

Portrait of General Pasquale Paoli

J. B. Bradel (engraver) · 1769

Internet Archive — digitized edition of James Boswell’s An Account of Corsica

This near-contemporary portrait represents Paoli, leader of Corsican resistance. Published a year after Genoa’s 1768 agreement with France, it is context for the disputed transfer—not an image of its signing.

J. B. Bradel (engraver) · Public domain in the United States (source: PD-US-expired)

Rights. The Commons record explicitly marks US public domain and cautions that status can differ elsewhere. The source edition is dated 1769; Boswell is the author, not the engraver.

13 / 1860 — Nice and Savoy

Annexation of Savoy: signing the act of cession

Auguste Victor Deroy · 23 June 1860 (publication)

Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica — Le Monde illustré

A contemporary illustrated report of the handover at Chambéry, implementing the Treaty of Turin. It depicts the cession ceremony, not the treaty negotiations in Turin.

Auguste Victor Deroy · Public domain (per source record)

01 / 1337 — A war for the crown

Edward III pays homage to Philip VI

Anonymous illuminator (artist not securely identified) · Last quarter of the 14th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2813, fol. 357v

The miniature depicts the homage of 1329, before the war began. It introduces the uneasy feudal relationship over English-held lands in France; it does not depict the opening of hostilities in 1337.

Anonymous illuminator (artist not securely identified) · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. The Commons Author field names Jean Froissart, a writer, not a securely identified illuminator of this Grandes Chroniques manuscript. Artist therefore left anonymous rather than copying that attribution.

02 / 1340 — The fleet at Sluys

The Battle of Sluys, from Froissart’s Chronicles

Loyset Liédet · 15th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2643, fol. 72r

This later manuscript illumination depicts the naval battle of Sluys in 1340. Its ships, clothing and composition reflect the illuminator’s fifteenth-century world, not an eyewitness record.

Loyset Liédet · Public domain (per source record)

03 / 1346 — The battle of Crécy

Battle of Crécy, from Froissart’s Chronicles

Loyset Liédet · 15th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2643, fol. 165v

This later manuscript miniature depicts the battle of 1346. Its armor and visual conventions belong to the illuminator’s own century; it is not an eyewitness record.

Loyset Liédet · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. Froissart wrote the chronicle; the illuminator is Loyset Liédet, as identified in the artwork record.

04 / 1356 — A king captured at Poitiers

Battle of Poitiers, from Froissart’s Chronicles

Loyset Liédet · c. 1470–1480

Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2643, fol. 207r

A fifteenth-century visualization of the 1356 battle and the French defeat. Made more than a century later, it records how the event was remembered rather than observed.

Loyset Liédet · Public domain (per source record)

05 / 1360 — Brétigny grants an uneasy truce

France at the Treaty of Brétigny (1877 map)

Map published in John Richard Green, History of the English People · 1877

Historical map reproduced on Wikimedia Commons

The 1877 map visualizes the settlement, rather than recording the treaty as a contemporary document.

Map published in John Richard Green, History of the English People · Historical map reproduced on Wikimedia Commons; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

Rights. Verify the individual image license, creator and attribution at the linked Commons page before distributing local copies.

Resolution. Remote fallback; source pixels and image composition have not been visually verified.

06 / 1415 — The disaster at Agincourt

Battle of Agincourt

Anonymous manuscript illuminator · 1470–1480

Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2680, fol. 208

A later miniature from the abridged chronicle of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, depicting the battle of 1415. The manuscript author is not an identified artist.

Anonymous manuscript illuminator · Public domain (per source record)

07 / 1420 — Troyes: an English heir

The Conclusion of the Treaty of Troye

William Hamilton (designer); R. Gerard (engraver) · 1788

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 62.557.183

An eighteenth-century interpretation of the 1420 treaty and Henry V’s dynastic marriage to Catherine of Valois. It is a later historical reconstruction, not a medieval eyewitness image.

William Hamilton; R. Gerard; published by Madame Breton / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 / Public domain (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)

08 / 1429 — Joan of Arc at Orléans

Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans

Jules-Eugène Lenepveu · c. 1886–1890

Panthéon, Paris

A monumental nineteenth-century interpretation of Joan’s role in the relief of Orléans in 1429. The mural belongs to a commemorative cycle, not contemporary reportage.

Jules-Eugène Lenepveu · Public domain (per source record)

09 / 1431 — Joan’s execution at Rouen

Joan of Arc’s Death at the Stake

Hermann Anton Stilke · 1843 (museum catalogue)

State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, ГЭ-5004

The right panel of Stilke’s nineteenth-century triptych imagines Joan’s execution at Rouen in 1431. It is a devotional historical interpretation made more than four centuries later.

Hermann Anton Stilke · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. Commons and the linked museum catalogue give 1843; Commons also records a disputed reading of the painted signature as 1846. The displayed date is explicitly the catalogue date.

10 / 1435 — Arras: a decisive reconciliation

The Conferences of Arras, from the Vigils of Charles VII

Anonymous illuminator · c. 1484

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 86r

A late-fifteenth-century illumination of the 1435 negotiations at Arras, made roughly fifty years after the event. Martial d’Auvergne wrote the text; the image’s illuminator is not identified.

Anonymous illuminator · Public domain (per source record)

11 / 1450 — Formigny returns Normandy to Charles VII

Victory at Formigny (later painting)

Prosper Lafaye · 1837

Palace of Versailles; Wikimedia Commons

Lafaye painted the medieval battle centuries later for a nineteenth-century audience.

Prosper Lafaye · Palace of Versailles; Wikimedia Commons; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

Rights. Verify the individual image license, creator and attribution at the linked Commons page before distributing local copies.

Resolution. Remote fallback; source pixels and image composition have not been visually verified.

12 / 1453 — Castillon: the last battle

The Battle of Castillon and the death of Talbot

Anonymous illuminator · c. 1484

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 229v

The miniature in Martial d’Auvergne’s Vigiles de Charles VII commemorates the battle of 17 July 1453 and the death of John Talbot. Made about a generation later, it belongs to the French memory of the war’s final victories rather than to eyewitness reportage.

Anonymous illuminator · Public domain (per source record)

01 / 1789 — Storming of the Bastille

The Storming of the Bastille

Jean-Pierre Houël · 1789

Bibliothèque nationale de France, département des Estampes et de la Photographie

Houël’s watercolor represents the attack on the Bastille on 14 July 1789, with the governor, de Launay, being taken away in the foreground. It is a contemporary depiction. This is the BnF watercolor, not the different Bastille painting held by the Musée Carnavalet.

Jean-Pierre Houël · Public domain (per source record)

02 / 1789 — The rights of man

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier · c. 1789

Musée Carnavalet, Paris, P809

A contemporary allegorical presentation of the Declaration’s text. The figures and symbols frame the rights as foundational principles; this is a painting, not the original signed legislative document.

Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier / Paris Musées, Musée Carnavalet · Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction

03 / 1791 — A constitutional monarchy

Louis XVI accepts the Constitution before the National Assembly

Jean-Michel Moreau (designer); Joseph de Longueil (engraver) · 1792

Bibliothèque nationale de France, De Vinck 4271

This near-contemporary print depicts the king’s acceptance on 14 September 1791, following the constitution’s adoption on 3 September. It represents the constitutional settlement, not the earlier vote itself.

Jean-Michel Moreau (designer); Joseph de Longueil (engraver) · Public domain (per source record)

04 / 1792 — The First Republic

The Battle of Valmy

Horace Vernet · 1826

National Gallery, London — NG2964

Vernet’s later painting depicts Valmy on 20 September 1792, immediately before the monarchy was abolished and the Republic established. It represents the military setting, not the proclamation itself.

Horace Vernet · Public domain (per source record)

05 / 1793 — The execution of Louis XVI

Execution of Louis XVI, 21 January 1793

Charles Benazech · c. 1793

Musée Carnavalet, Paris, P2766

A near-contemporary representation of the king with his confessor at the scaffold. The composition emphasizes his final moments; it is an artist’s account, not photographic or neutral evidence.

Charles Benazech / Paris Musées, Musée Carnavalet · Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction

06 / 1793 — The Terror

The Drownings at Nantes in 1793

Joseph Aubert · 1882

Musée d’art et d’histoire de Cholet

A nineteenth-century condemnation of the mass drownings during the Terror at Nantes. This is a later reconstruction of violence in 1793–94, not an eyewitness image of the Terror’s beginning.

Joseph Aubert · Public domain (per source record)

Resolution. The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

Catalogue note. Museum version, not the separate higher-resolution privately owned auction variant. Source is limited to 1280 × 540 pixels; no artificial upscaling.

07 / 1794 — The fall of Robespierre

The Arrest of Robespierre: The Night of 9–10 Thermidor, Year II

Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert, after Fulchran-Jean Harriet · c. 1796

Musée Carnavalet, Paris

This near-contemporary coloured engraving reconstructs the arrest at the Hôtel de Ville on the night of 27–28 July 1794. Its dramatic staging should not be read as a photograph of the scene.

Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert, after Fulchran-Jean Harriet · Public domain (per source record)

08 / 1795 — The Directory

Audience of the Directory in Ceremonial Dress

Jean Duplessi-Bertaux · 1802

Bibliothèque nationale de France — RESERVE QB-370 (49)-FT4

The engraving depicts an audience of the newly established Directory on 30 Brumaire, Year IV (21 November 1795). Published in 1802, it recalls the regime’s early ceremonial appearance rather than its constitutional adoption.

Jean Duplessi-Bertaux · Public domain (per source record)

09 / 1799 — The Directory yields to the Consulate

The Day of Saint-Cloud, 18 Brumaire

Charles Monnet (designer); Isidore-Stanislas Helman and Jean Duplessi-Bertaux (engravers) · 1800

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica

Published just after the coup, this print depicts Bonaparte and the legislators at Saint-Cloud. Its title uses 18 Brumaire for the two-day episode of 9–10 November 1799.

Charles Monnet (designer); Isidore-Stanislas Helman and Jean Duplessi-Bertaux (engravers) · Public domain (per source record)

01 / 1769 — Born in Ajaccio

Room in Napoleon Bonaparte’s Birthplace, Ajaccio

Possibly Henry Pauw van Wieldrecht · c. 1886–1896

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam — RP-F-2007-359-64

An albumen photograph of the room identified as Napoleon’s birthplace in Ajaccio. It records the house more than a century after his birth; it does not show the room as it was in 1769.

Possibly Henry Pauw van Wieldrecht · Public domain; digitization released under CC0 1.0

02 / 1793 — Toulon makes a young general

Napoleon at Toulon, by Édouard Detaille

Édouard Detaille · 2012

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets toulon makes a young general. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Édouard Detaille; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1796 — Italy creates a military reputation

The Battle of Arcole

Horace Vernet · 1826

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets italy creates a military reputation. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Horace Vernet; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

04 / 1798 — The Egyptian expedition

General View of the Battle of the Pyramids, 21 July 1798

Louis-François Lejeune · 1808

Château de Versailles — MV 6854 / MI 253

Painted ten years after the battle, this panoramic reconstruction represents the army’s victory during the invasion of Egypt. It is a French military interpretation, not a neutral eyewitness account of the campaign.

Louis-François Lejeune · Public domain (per source record)

05 / 1799 — The coup of Brumaire

Bonaparte before the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud

François Bouchot · 1840

Musée du Louvre, INV 2745; deposited at Versailles, MV 1952

Bouchot’s later history painting depicts the confrontation of 10 November 1799, the second day of the Brumaire coup. It was commissioned for Louis-Philippe’s historical museum, not painted during the coup.

François Bouchot · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. Commons incorrectly places the event date in the painting Date field. The Louvre inventory explicitly dates creation and the signature to 1840; that is the date used here.

06 / 1800 — Across the Alps to Marengo

Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Jacques-Louis David · 1800–1801 (Year IX)

Musée national du château de Malmaison, M.M.49.7.1

David turns the crossing of the Great St Bernard Pass into an image of heroic leadership. This official portrait evokes the 1800 campaign before Marengo; Napoleon actually crossed on a mule, not the rearing horse shown here.

Jacques-Louis David · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. Museum record dates the work to 1800; signature is Year IX. Commons records the digital reproduction as PD-Art.

07 / 1801 — The Concordat redraws church relations

Napoleon and Pope Pius VII at the Concordat

Rijksmuseum · 1880

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets the concordat redraws church relations. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Rijksmuseum; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

08 / 1804 — The Civil Code

The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries

Jacques-Louis David · 1812

National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1961.9.15

David presents Napoleon as a working ruler, with the civil code among the symbols of his administration. Painted eight years after its enactment, the portrait evokes legislative authority rather than the 1804 act itself.

Jacques-Louis David · Public domain (per source record)

09 / 1804 — The imperial coronation

The Coronation of Napoleon and Joséphine at Notre-Dame

Jacques-Louis David, with Georges Rouget · 1805–1807

Musée du Louvre — INV 3699

David’s official painting depicts Napoleon crowning Joséphine during the ceremony of 2 December 1804. Made shortly afterwards, it deliberately shapes imperial memory rather than recording every detail literally.

Jacques-Louis David, with Georges Rouget · Public domain (per source record)

10 / 1805 — The battle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar

Clarkson Frederick Stanfield · 1836

Commissioned for the United Service Club, London; current holding not verified

Painted three decades later, this British interpretation shows the naval battle of 21 October 1805. It represents the defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet, not an eyewitness view. The National Maritime Museum holds a smaller version of the composition.

Clarkson Frederick Stanfield · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. Original large 1836 composition, not the smaller Caird Collection copy. Current repository of this version is not established by the source record.

11 / 1805 — Austerlitz marks the imperial peak

Austerlitz, by Louis-François Lejeune

Louis-François, Baron Lejeune · 1808

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets austerlitz marks the imperial peak. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Louis-François, Baron Lejeune; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

12 / 1806 — The end of the Holy Roman Empire

Emperor Francis II

Joseph Kreutzinger · c. 1805

Schloss Laxenburg (as catalogued by Commons)

A portrait of the last Holy Roman Emperor shortly before he relinquished that title in 1806. The image identifies the ruler affected by Napoleon’s reordering of Germany; it does not depict the act of dissolution.

Joseph Kreutzinger · Public domain (per source record)

13 / 1807 — Tilsit gives victory a diplomatic form

Napoleon and Alexander meet at Tilsit

Artist identified on the BnF source record · 19th-century drawing

Bibliothèque nationale de France

A drawing of the rulers’ encounter, a visual account of diplomacy rather than of the full terms of the treaties.

Artist identified on the BnF source record · Bibliothèque nationale de France; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

Rights. Verify the individual image license, creator and attribution at the linked Commons page before distributing local copies.

Resolution. Remote fallback; source pixels and image composition have not been visually verified.

14 / 1808 — The Spanish war resists occupation

Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain

Joseph Flaugier · 1808

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets the spanish war resists occupation. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Joseph Flaugier; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

15 / 1812 — The retreat from Russia

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow

Adolph Northen · 1851

Current location unidentified in the source record

Northen’s nineteenth-century reconstruction depicts the exhausted French army retreating from Russia in 1812. Painted after the artist’s birth in 1828, it is historical interpretation rather than a contemporary record.

Adolph Northen · Public domain (per source record)

Resolution. The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

Catalogue note. Available source is only 1000 × 762 pixels. No synthetic upscaling. Current collection is explicitly unidentified; no museum attribution is invented.

16 / 1813 — Leipzig reverses the campaign

Napoleon retreats from Leipzig

Atkinson, John Augustus (1775-1833?) · 1813

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets leipzig reverses the campaign. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Atkinson, John Augustus (1775-1833?); Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

17 / 1814 — Abdication and Elba

Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 31 March 1814

Paul Delaroche · 1846

Royal Collection, RCIN 405838

Delaroche imagines Napoleon after learning that the Allies have entered Paris, just before his April 1814 abdication. This is the Royal Collection’s later version, not a contemporary portrait of the surrender or his arrival on Elba.

Paul Delaroche · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. 1846 Royal Collection version; do not confuse with the 1845 Leipzig painting or the private-collection 1845 variant.

18 / 1815 — The return from Elba begins the Hundred Days

Napoleon lands at Golfe-Juan (later print)

Creator listed on Paris Musées source record · 19th-century print

Paris Musées

A later print stages the 1 March landing; it does not document the soldiers’ subsequent change of allegiance.

Creator listed on Paris Musées source record · Paris Musées; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

Rights. Verify the individual image license, creator and attribution at the linked Commons page before distributing local copies.

Resolution. Remote fallback; source pixels and image composition have not been visually verified.

19 / 1815 — Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo

William Sadler II · 1815 (as catalogued in the source)

Collection not stated; exhibited at Pyms Gallery, London, in 1999

A panoramic interpretation of the battle that ended Napoleon’s Hundred Days on 18 June 1815. Sadler’s composition is a painting of the event, not a photograph or a claim to an eyewitness vantage point.

William Sadler II · Public domain (per source record)

Catalogue note. Commons catalogues June 1815 but a precise execution date was not independently established. Published exhibition history is Pyms Gallery, 1999; present owner is not identified.

20 / 1821 — Death on Saint Helena

The death of Napoleon on Saint Helena

Unidentified artist or photographer · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets death on saint helena. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Unidentified artist or photographer; CC BY 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0

01 / 1940 — France falls

German troops parade in occupied Paris

Heinz Fremke · June 1940

Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-126-0350-26A

A German military photograph of troops parading in Paris after its occupation in June 1940. Produced within the Wehrmacht propaganda apparatus, it records the occupation through the occupiers’ lens, not a neutral account of the defeat.

Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-126-0350-26A / Fremke, Heinz / CC-BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany

Rights. Credit and license link must accompany reuse. Web derivatives retain CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany; resizing/compression and the reversible viewport crop are disclosed. Consult the source record for prior edits.

Resolution. The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

02 / 1940 — The Appeal of 18 June

French people in England read a poster by General de Gaulle

Unidentified photographer, Office of War Information attribution · Second World War, exact date unrecorded

National Museum of the U.S. Navy, Lot 11632-7; Library of Congress reproduction LC-USZ62-105508

This wartime photograph shows readers of the À tous les Français poster in England. The poster helped circulate de Gaulle’s call to continue the fight, but it was issued after the 18 June broadcast and is not a transcript of that appeal. This is not a photograph of de Gaulle speaking on 18 June.

Unidentified photographer, Office of War Information attribution · Public domain in the United States — federal government work, per source

Catalogue note. The 2016 Flickr date is an upload date, not the photograph date. The Commons source identifies the OWI photograph and Navy/LOC references.

03 / 1940 — The Vichy regime

Pétain and the first government of Vichy

Unidentified photographer · July 1940 (catalogued as 18 July)

Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Poland

The cabinet is photographed on the terrace of the Pavillon Sévigné at Vichy shortly after the regime’s establishment. The source dates it to 18 July while describing the identification as probable; it does not show the parliamentary vote of 10 July.

Unidentified photographer · Public domain in the EU under the anonymous-work term, per Commons; other jurisdictions not verified

Rights. The source uses PD-anon-70-EU, not a worldwide clearance. U.S. status and the continued anonymity of the photographer have not been independently established; publisher review is required for the intended jurisdiction.

04 / 1942 — The Vel’ d’Hiv roundup

Prisoners at the entrance to the Drancy internment camp

Wisch (as credited by the Bundesarchiv) · August 1941

Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B10919

This photograph predates the Vel’ d’Hiv roundup by almost a year. It contextualizes the internment system and Drancy, later a major deportation transit camp. It does not show the July 1942 arrests or establish that these pictured people were victims of that particular roundup. The archive preserves a biased wartime caption.

Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B10919 / Wisch / CC-BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany

Rights. Credit and license link must accompany reuse. Web derivatives retain CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany; resizing/compression and the reversible viewport crop are disclosed. Consult the source record for prior edits.

Resolution. The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

05 / 1943 — Jean Moulin and the Resistance

Portrait of Jean Moulin

Studio Harcourt · 1937

Studio Harcourt; RMN photographic source

A pre-war studio portrait of Jean Moulin, who coordinated Resistance movements and presided over the first Conseil national de la Résistance meeting in May 1943. It is not a photograph of that clandestine meeting.

Studio Harcourt · Public domain in France under the collective-work term, per Commons; Studio Harcourt credit required

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06 / 1944 — D-Day in Normandy

Into the Jaws of Death

Robert F. Sargent, U.S. Coast Guard · 6 June 1944

U.S. National Archives / Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library

Sargent photographed American troops leaving a landing craft for Omaha Beach on D-Day. This is an actual photograph of the landings, not a reenactment. The selected Commons edition is a documented restoration of the historical photograph; no AI reconstruction is used.

Robert F. Sargent / U.S. Coast Guard / NARA; Commons restored edition · Public domain — U.S. Coast Guard work

07 / 1944 — Provence opens a second liberation front

Landing near Le Dramont in August 1944

Photographer unidentified · August 1944

Archival photograph reproduced on Wikimedia Commons

A period photograph associated with the landing beaches in Provence; it does not stand for every unit that took part.

Photographer unidentified · Archival photograph reproduced on Wikimedia Commons; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

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08 / 1944 — The liberation of Paris

Parisians celebrate liberation near the Hôtel de Ville

Unidentified U.S. Army Signal Corps photographer · 25 August 1944

U.S. Army Signal Corps, SC 192997; digitization distributed by Signal Corps Archive

An actual photograph of Parisians celebrating near the Hôtel de Ville on the day of the German garrison’s surrender. It records the civilian experience of liberation rather than a later reconstruction.

U.S. Army Signal Corps, SC 192997 / Signal Corps Archive · Public domain in the United States — U.S. Army official work

09 / 1945 — Judging Vichy

Philippe Pétain during his trial

Unidentified photographer · 30 July 1945

Getty Images historical photograph, as cited by Commons; original archive not identified

An actual courtroom photograph from Pétain’s trial. It was taken on 30 July, before the verdict of 15 August; it must not be presented as a photograph of the sentencing itself.

Unidentified photographer · Public domain in the EU under the anonymous-work term, per Commons; other jurisdictions not verified

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01 / 1643 — A child becomes king

Portrait of the young Louis XIV

Unidentified painter · 1644

Current collection unidentified; documented in Dorotheum and Hampel auction records

A portrait of Louis at about six, one year after his accession. The accompanying inscription links the image to the papal nuncio’s mission. It shows the child king, not the accession ceremony; Louis’s coronation took place later, in 1654.

Unidentified painter · Public domain (per source record)

02 / 1648 — The Fronde

Louis XIV as Jupiter, conqueror of the Fronde

Charles Poerson · c. 1652–1654

Château de Versailles, MV 8073

This allegorical portrait celebrates the monarchy’s victory at the end of the Fronde, not its outbreak in 1648. The young king appears as Jupiter trampling weapons: an assertion of restored royal power, not a literal battle scene.

Charles Poerson · Public domain (per source record)

03 / 1661 — Louis XIV takes personal control

Louis XIV governs in person (later engraving)

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04 / 1661 — Building Versailles

View of Versailles and its gardens from the Avenue de Paris

Pierre Patel · c. 1668

Château de Versailles, MV 765 / INV 8790

Painted during Louis XIV’s lifetime, this view shows Versailles after the early enlargement campaign. It is evidence of the developing palace in 1668, not the beginning of construction in 1661. Louis XIII’s earlier château remains part of the complex.

Pierre Patel · Public domain (per source record)

05 / 1682 — The court at Versailles

Ambassador of Siam before Louis XIV

Sébastien Leclerc I · Undated (artist’s lifetime, 1637–1714)

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 53.600.2606

Leclerc’s etching represents the Siamese embassy at Louis XIV’s court, associated with the 1686 reception. It illustrates Versailles as a diplomatic stage after the court settled there in 1682, not the move itself. The museum does not give an exact production date.

Sébastien Leclerc I · CC0 1.0 — The Met Open Access

06 / 1685 — The revocation of Nantes

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Jan Luyken · Late 17th century (exact date not established)

Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica

A period print representing Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes. It is an engraved interpretation of the event, not the original signed edict or a neutral photographic record. The revocation ended legal protection for Protestant worship.

Jan Luyken · Public domain (per source record)

07 / 1713 — Utrecht limits dynastic ambitions

The Treaty of Utrecht

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08 / 1715 — The end of the Sun King

The death of Louis XIV at Versailles, oil sketch

Thomas Jones Barker · 1839

Musée Antoine Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin

Barker imagined the king’s death more than a century after 1715. This surviving oil sketch belongs to the nineteenth-century tradition of historical painting; its staged gathering should not be read as an eyewitness account of the royal bedchamber.

Thomas Jones Barker · Public domain (per source record)

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01 / -52 — Alésia: the Roman conquest

Vercingetorix throws down his weapons at Caesar’s feet

Lionel Royer · 1899

Musée Crozatier, Le Puy-en-Velay — 1903.59

Painted almost two thousand years later, Royer’s scene turns the surrender into a staged encounter. It is evidence of nineteenth-century historical imagination, not an eyewitness record of Alésia.

Lionel Royer · Musée Crozatier, Le Puy-en-Velay — 1903.59 · Public domain (per source record)

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02 / 50 — Living in Roman Gaul

The Pont du Gard

Hubert Robert · 1787

Musée du Louvre, Paris — INV 7650

Robert depicts the surviving Roman aqueduct in the eighteenth century. This is a view of an ancient structure, not a reconstruction of Roman daily life or the date of its construction.

Hubert Robert · Musée du Louvre, Paris — INV 7650 · Public domain (per source record)

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03 / 313 — Christian worship gains legal standing

Constantine's vision (later manuscript)

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04 / 496 — Clovis and the Franks

The Battle of Tolbiac

Ary Scheffer · 1836

Château de Versailles — MV 2670

Scheffer’s nineteenth-century battle painting presents Clovis’s appeal to the Christian God as a dramatic turning point. Neither the appearance of the scene nor the conventional year 496 is contemporary evidence.

Ary Scheffer · Château de Versailles — MV 2670 · Public domain (per source record)

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05 / 732 — Charles Martel at Poitiers

The Battle of Poitiers

Charles de Steuben · 1837

Château de Versailles — MV 2671

This painting was made for the historical galleries at Versailles more than a millennium after the battle. Its opposing figures and costumes express a later interpretation, not a precise reconstruction.

Charles de Steuben · Château de Versailles — MV 2671 · Public domain (per source record)

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06 / 751 — A new dynasty

Pippin the Short, king of the Franks

Louis-Félix Amiel · 1837

Château de Versailles — MV 673

Amiel’s imagined royal portrait supplies a face for Pippin in the Versailles historical collection. It is neither an authenticated likeness nor an image of his accession in 751.

Louis-Félix Amiel · Château de Versailles — MV 673 · Public domain (per source record)

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07 / 768 — Charlemagne inherits a divided kingdom

Coins of Carloman and Charlemagne (1858 engraving)

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This 1858 numismatic engraving depicts coins of the two brothers; it is material evidence for their separate kingships, not a picture of the 768 ceremony.

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08 / 800 — Charlemagne crowned emperor

The coronation of Charlemagne

Jean Fouquet · c. 1455–1460

Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 6465, fol. 89v

Fouquet illustrates the coronation in the Grandes Chroniques de France over six centuries later. The illumination shows how a fifteenth-century royal history represented the Carolingian past.

Jean Fouquet · Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 6465, fol. 89v · Public domain (per source record)

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01 / 1515 — Marignan and the Italian wars

Francis I at the Battle of Marignan

Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard · 1836

Château de Versailles — MV 2699

Fragonard revisits Francis I’s campaign three centuries later. This historical painting gives the story a monumental setting; its chivalric staging should not be read as eyewitness documentation.

Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard · Château de Versailles — MV 2699 · Public domain (per source record)

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02 / 1519 — Leonardo in France

Francis I receives Leonardo da Vinci’s last breath

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres · 1818

Petit Palais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris — PDUT1165

Ingres paints the legend of Leonardo dying in the king’s arms. The scene evokes royal patronage; it does not establish that Francis I was present at Leonardo’s death.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres · Petit Palais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris — PDUT1165 · Public domain (per source record)

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03 / 1530 — Royal readers teach new disciplines

Guillaume Budé's illuminated book

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04 / 1534 — The Placards challenge royal religion

A placard against the Mass (1534)

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05 / 1539 — French in royal justice

Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts

Royal chancery of Francis I · August 1539

Archives nationales, France

A page from the ordinance is a direct documentary connection to this event. The measure concerns legal records: it should not be presented as an immediate replacement of every language spoken in France.

Royal chancery of Francis I · Archives nationales, France · Public domain (per source record)

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06 / 1549 — Du Bellay defends French poetry

Du Bellay's language manifesto (1549)

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07 / 1572 — Saint Bartholomew’s Day

The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

François Dubois · c. 1572–1584

Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne

Dubois combines several episodes in one cityscape. Made after the massacre, the painting offers a Protestant account of the violence; it is not one moment observed from a single viewpoint.

François Dubois · Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne · Public domain (per source record)

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Catalogue note. The selected Commons file contains an inconsistent linked artist template. The work is by the sixteenth-century François Dubois, not the nineteenth-century painter of the same name.

08 / 1589 — Henry of Navarre inherits the crown

Portrait of Henry IV

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01 / 1830 — The July Revolution

Liberty Leading the People

Eugène Delacroix · 1830

Musée du Louvre, Paris — RF 129

Delacroix responds to the July 1830 uprising, not the Revolution of 1789. The woman carrying the tricolour personifies Liberty; the painting mixes allegory with recognizable Parisian combatants.

Eugène Delacroix · Musée du Louvre, Paris — RF 129 · Public domain (per source record)

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02 / 1848 — The Republic returns

Lamartine rejects the red flag at the Hôtel de Ville

Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux · 19th century

Musée Carnavalet, Paris — P.258

The painting reconstructs Lamartine’s intervention on 25 February. It makes the dispute over republican symbols visible, but the exact production date of this version is not specified in the selected catalogue.

Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux · Musée Carnavalet, Paris — P.258 · Public domain (per source record)

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03 / 1848 — Abolition in the colonies

Proclamation of the abolition of slavery in the French colonies

François-Auguste Biard · 1849

Château de Versailles — MV 7382

Biard commemorates the 1848 decree in a painting made the following year. Its staged celebration foregrounds the official announcement rather than documenting the varied experiences of emancipation across the colonies.

François-Auguste Biard · Château de Versailles — MV 7382 · Public domain (per source record)

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04 / 1848 — The June Days fracture the Republic

The June Days in Paris

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05 / 1852 — The Second Empire

Napoleon III in imperial regalia

Unidentified copyist, after Franz Xaver Winterhalter · Mid-19th century, after the 1853 portrait

Museo Napoleonico, Rome — MN 436

This version copies Winterhalter’s official imperial portrait. The regalia represent the new regime; the selected file is not the lost original once displayed at the Tuileries.

Unidentified copyist, after Franz Xaver Winterhalter · Museo Napoleonico, Rome — MN 436 · Public domain (per source record)

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06 / 1862 — A French intervention fails at Puebla

The Battle of Puebla (Mexican lithograph, 1862)

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07 / 1870 — A Republic survives the collapse of empire

The Siege of Paris, 1870–1871

Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier · c. 1884

Musée d’Orsay, Paris — RF 1249

Meissonier combines remembered wartime suffering with personifications of Paris and famine. The work is an allegorical memorial painted after the siege, not a literal view of one battle.

Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier · Musée d’Orsay, Paris — RF 1249 · Public domain (per source record)

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08 / 1871 — The Paris Commune

Onlookers at the fallen Vendôme Column

Bruno Braquehais · 1871

Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris

Braquehais photographs people beside the toppled Vendôme Column during the Commune. It records the monument after its fall, not the instant it was brought down or the later fighting.

Bruno Braquehais · Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris · Public domain (per source record)

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01 / 1914 — Mobilization

Mobilized soldiers at the Gare de l’Est

Agence Rol; individual photographer unidentified · 3 August 1914

Bibliothèque nationale de France — Agence Rol collection

This press photograph records mobilized soldiers at a Paris railway station in August 1914. It shows one departure scene, not the reactions of the entire French population.

Agence Rol; individual photographer unidentified · Bibliothèque nationale de France — Agence Rol collection · Public domain in France and the United States (per source record)

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02 / 1914 — The First Battle of the Marne

British field guns at Signy-Signets during the Marne battle

Lieutenant R. C. Money · 8 September 1914

Imperial War Museums — Q 51488

Money’s photograph shows British 18-pounder guns during the battle, with Cameronians on the left. These are Britain’s troops in a joint Allied operation, not French artillerymen.

Lieutenant R. C. Money · Imperial War Museums — Q 51488 · Public domain — expired UK Crown copyright (per Commons)

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03 / 1915 — The western front hardens into trenches

A Champagne frontline trench (1915)

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04 / 1916 — Verdun

Soldiers of the 164th Infantry in a trench near Verdun

Agence Rol; individual photographer unidentified · July 1916

Bibliothèque nationale de France — Rol 47413; EI-13 (506)

The archive identifies the unit and the Verdun region. Taken in July, this photograph documents trench conditions during the battle rather than the opening attack in February.

Agence Rol; individual photographer unidentified · Bibliothèque nationale de France — Rol 47413; EI-13 (506) · Public domain in France and the United States (per source record)

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05 / 1916 — The Somme

A Royal Irish Rifles ration party on the Somme

Royal Engineers No. 1 Printing Company; photographer unidentified · July 1916

Imperial War Museums — Q 1

A British ration party rests in a communication trench. The archival attribution is to the Royal Engineers’ printing company, not a securely identified individual photographer; the exact day is uncertain.

Royal Engineers No. 1 Printing Company; photographer unidentified · Imperial War Museums — Q 1 · Public domain — expired UK Crown copyright (per Commons)

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06 / 1917 — The Chemin des Dames offensive fails

French soldiers at the Chemin des Dames (1917)

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07 / 1917 — October: La Malmaison is retaken

Schneider tanks during the La Malmaison operation

Unidentified photographer; published in Le Miroir · October 1917; published 18 November 1917

Le Miroir, no. 208 — digitized in BnF / Gallica

Published in Le Miroir after the October battle, this photograph shows Schneider tanks associated with La Malmaison. It is not a photograph of the failed April attack.

Unidentified photographer; published in Le Miroir · Le Miroir, no. 208 — digitized in BnF / Gallica · Public domain — anonymous period photograph (per Commons)

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08 / 1918 — The armistice

Armistice crowds on Boulevard Montmartre

Agence Rol; individual photographer unidentified · 11 November 1918

Bibliothèque nationale de France — Rol 52415; EI-13 (621)

This press photograph records public celebrations in Paris on armistice day. It shows the reception of the news, not the signing at Rethondes or the later peace treaty.

Agence Rol; individual photographer unidentified · Bibliothèque nationale de France — Rol 52415; EI-13 (621) · Public domain in France and the United States (per source record)

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01 / 1871 — The uprising of 18 March

Barricade near the canal Saint-Martin

Photographer unidentified · 18 March 1871

Musée Carnavalet, Paris — PH10363

The catalogue places this barricade on 18 March. It records the city's streets, not the seizure of cannon at Montmartre.

Photographer unidentified · Musée Carnavalet, Paris — PH10363 · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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02 / 1871 — Paris votes for a new council

Commune council election results

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03 / 1871 — A Commune is proclaimed

National Guard notice listing the elected council

Central Committee of the National Guard · 28 March 1871

Musée Carnavalet, Paris — AFF5646

The printed notice lists elected members of the Commune. It documents the announcement of election results rather than showing the crowd at the proclamation.

Central Committee of the National Guard · Musée Carnavalet, Paris — AFF5646 · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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04 / 1871 — Women organize

Manifesto of the Union des femmes

Nathalie Le Mel and the Union des femmes; Élisabeth Dmitrieff credited as contributor · 6 May 1871

Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris — poster no. 270

This contemporary manifesto is direct evidence of the Union's published appeal, not an image of women at a barricade.

Nathalie Le Mel and the Union des femmes; Élisabeth Dmitrieff credited as contributor · Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris — poster no. 270 · CC0 per Commons source record

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05 / 1871 — Workshops become a political question

Commission of Labour and Exchange poster

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06 / 1871 — The Vendôme Column falls

A group beside the fallen Vendôme Column

Photographer unidentified · After 16 May 1871

Musée Carnavalet, Paris — PH20148

The group poses by the fallen column after its demolition; the exposure does not show the moment of collapse.

Photographer unidentified · Musée Carnavalet, Paris — PH20148 · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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07 / 1871 — The Bloody Week

The burning Hôtel de Ville, stereoscopic view

Photographer unidentified · May 1871

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam — RP-F-F09359

This stereoscopic photograph depicts the burning Hôtel de Ville, one episode of the final fighting; it cannot represent every battle or death of the week.

Photographer unidentified · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam — RP-F-F09359 · Public domain per Rijksmuseum / Commons

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08 / 1871 — At the Wall of the Fédérés

Execution at the Wall of the Fédérés

Alfred Darjou · 1871

Musée Carnavalet, Paris

Darjou's drawing depicts executions at Père-Lachaise. It is an artist's representation, not a photographic record of a particular volley.

Alfred Darjou · Musée Carnavalet, Paris · Public domain per Commons source record

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01 / 1894 — Dreyfus is arrested on a secret accusation

Dreyfus at military trial in 1894

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for dreyfus is arrested on a secret accusation. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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02 / 1895 — A captain is publicly degraded

The degradation of Alfred Dreyfus

Illustrator unconfirmed; Le Petit Journal, illustrated supplement · 13 January 1895

Le Petit Journal, illustrated supplement

The newspaper illustration appeared after the 5 January ceremony and calls him a traitor; it reveals contemporary press framing, not proof of guilt.

Illustrator unconfirmed; Le Petit Journal, illustrated supplement · Le Petit Journal, illustrated supplement · Public domain per Commons source record

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03 / 1896 — The evidence begins to unravel

Portrait of Georges Picquart

Aron Gerschel · circa 1896

Musée de Bretagne — FLMjo205001

The portrait identifies Picquart around the time of his inquiry. It does not show his discovery of evidence or certify the disputed documents.

Aron Gerschel · Musée de Bretagne — FLMjo205001 · Public domain per Commons source record

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04 / 1898 — Esterhazy is acquitted

The acquittal of Esterhazy

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for esterhazy is acquitted. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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05 / 1898 — Zola publishes J'accuse

Front page of L'Aurore: J'accuse

Émile Zola, author; L'Aurore, publisher · 13 January 1898

Musée Carnavalet, Paris; L'Aurore no. 87

This is the printed front page itself, direct evidence of the public accusation, not an illustration made later.

Émile Zola, author; L'Aurore, publisher · Musée Carnavalet, Paris; L'Aurore no. 87 · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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06 / 1899 — The conviction is quashed

Poster reproducing the Court of Cassation decision

French Ministry of Justice; printer unidentified · June 1899

Archives municipales de Rennes

The poster publicly reproduces the court's decision to reopen the case; it does not announce exoneration.

French Ministry of Justice; printer unidentified · Archives municipales de Rennes · Public domain per Rennes archives / Commons

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07 / 1899 — Rennes, and a pardon

Opening session of the Rennes trial

Photographer unidentified · 7 August 1899

Photographic record of the Rennes trial; Commons source record

The courtroom photograph records the opening of the second trial in August. It does not depict the September verdict or the later presidential pardon.

Photographer unidentified · Photographic record of the Rennes trial; Commons source record · Public domain per Commons source record

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08 / 1906 — Exoneration and return

Dreyfus decorated at the École militaire

Photographer unidentified · 21 July 1906

Historical photograph; Commons source record

The photograph documents the decoration nine days after the legal exoneration; those are separate events.

Photographer unidentified · Historical photograph; Commons source record · Public domain per Commons source record

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01 / 1865 — The city is remade

The Double Doorway, rue de la Ferronnerie

Charles Marville · circa 1865

J. Paul Getty Museum

Marville photographed an older street slated for demolition. The image records what redevelopment displaced, rather than showing the completed boulevards.

Charles Marville · J. Paul Getty Museum · Public domain per Getty / Commons

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02 / 1874 — Painting breaks from the Salon

Impression, soleil levant

Claude Monet · 1872

Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris

The painting depicts the port of Le Havre in 1872. It was exhibited in Paris in 1874; it is not a view of the exhibition room.

Claude Monet · Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris · Public domain artwork per Commons

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03 / 1889 — A tower for the world fair

View of the 1889 fair from the Eiffel Tower

Photographer unidentified · 1889

Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica

The photograph looks from the new tower toward the fairgrounds; it places the tower in the event without claiming to show its construction.

Photographer unidentified · Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica · Public domain per Commons source record

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04 / 1889 — Nightlife acquires a famous address

Dance at the Moulin Rouge

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

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05 / 1895 — A paying audience sees moving images

Cinematograph Lumière advertisement

Henri Brispot · 1895

Contemporary advertising poster; Commons source record

The poster advertises the cinematograph in Paris. It is publicity, not a photograph of the audience on 28 December.

Henri Brispot · Contemporary advertising poster; Commons source record · Public domain per Commons source record

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06 / 1900 — The Métro opens

A Guimard Métro entrance in July 1900

Charles Maindron; entrance designed by Hector Guimard · July 1900

Musée Carnavalet, Paris — PH26145

This period photograph shows a Guimard entrance in the month the first line opened. It documents design and streetscape, not the first train ride.

Charles Maindron · Musée Carnavalet, Paris — PH26145 · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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07 / 1905 — The Fauves unsettle the Salon

The Fauve room at the 1905 Salon

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

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08 / 1913 — A ballet divides its first audience

Roerich’s design for The Rite of Spring

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for a ballet divides its first audience. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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01 / 1830 — France takes Algiers

The taking of Algiers

Artist unconfirmed · 19th century

Paris Musées

A French representation of the 1830 capture; its celebratory perspective is part of the colonial record.

Artist unconfirmed · Paris Musées · Public domain per Commons record

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02 / 1847 — Abd al-Qadir's resistance

Surrender of Abd al-Qadir

Artist unconfirmed · 19th century

Commons historical print

The print represents a surrender from a later pictorial perspective, not the entirety of Algerian resistance.

Artist unconfirmed · Commons historical print · Public domain per Commons record

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03 / 1871 — The Mokrani revolt challenges occupation

Mohamed el Mokrani (later depiction)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for the mokrani revolt challenges occupation. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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04 / 1881 — Rule by unequal laws

Map of eastern Algeria and Tunisia

Ed. Dumas-Vorzet · 1881

Bibliothèque nationale de France

This 1881 map shows a colonial view of territory; it does not reproduce the indigénat law.

Ed. Dumas-Vorzet · Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain per Commons record

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05 / 1945 — The Sétif demonstrations and repression

Memorial to the victims at Kherrata

Houmouvazine · 2016

Memorial at Kherrata; Commons photograph

A modern memorial photographed in 2016. It commemorates 1945; it is not a photograph of the violence.

Houmouvazine · Memorial at Kherrata; Commons photograph · CC BY-SA 4.0; credit Houmouvazine

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06 / 1954 — The war for independence begins

Six FLN leaders in 1954

Photographer unidentified · 1954

Commons historical photograph

A portrait of six independence leaders; it does not show the attacks of 1 November.

Photographer unidentified · Commons historical photograph · Public domain in Algeria per Commons; other jurisdictions require review

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07 / 1957 — Torture is contested

Protest against torture during the Algerian War

Community of the Ark of Lanza del Vasto · 1957

Commons historical photograph

The photograph records a protest in Paris; it does not depict torture in Algiers.

Community of the Ark of Lanza del Vasto · Commons historical photograph · CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported; credit Community of the Ark of Lanza del Vasto

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08 / 1961 — Algerian protesters face repression in Paris

Memorial plaque for the Algerian protesters

Plaque photographed by Commons contributor; consult source record · 2001 memorial; later photograph

Quai du Marché-Neuf, Paris

The plaque was installed decades after the killings and documents public remembrance, not the protest itself.

Plaque photographed by Commons contributor; consult source record · Quai du Marché-Neuf, Paris; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

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09 / 1962 — Ceasefire and independence

First government of independent Algeria

Photographer unidentified · 1962

Commons historical photograph

The later government portrait illustrates statehood after independence; it is not an image of the March ceasefire or July referendum.

Photographer unidentified · Commons historical photograph · Public domain in Algeria per Commons; other jurisdictions require review

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01 / 1859 — Saigon is taken

French capture of Saigon

Artist unconfirmed · 19th century

Commons historical print

The image portrays the conquest from a French military viewpoint; it cannot stand for Vietnamese experience.

Artist unconfirmed · Commons historical print · Public domain per Commons record

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02 / 1887 — The Indochinese Union

Map of French Indochina

Cartographer unconfirmed · early 1900s

Commons historical map

This map was printed after the union's formation and includes later French expansion, including Laos.

Cartographer unconfirmed · Commons historical map · Public domain per Commons record

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03 / 1925 — Rubber and colonial labor

Rubber tapping at the Suzannah plantation

Philippe Desolme · early 20th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France

The photograph shows rubber tapping in Cochinchina; a single worker portrait cannot show labor contracts or conditions across all plantations.

Philippe Desolme · Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain per Commons record

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04 / 1930 — Yên Bái reveals organized anticolonial resistance

Portraits of the executed Yên Bái nationalists

Unidentified contemporary publisher · 1930s press reproduction

Wikimedia Commons; see image source record

A contemporary press image of the executed men; it documents the repression following the uprising, not the fighting itself.

Unidentified contemporary publisher · Wikimedia Commons; see image source record; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

Rights. Verify the individual image license, creator and attribution at the linked Commons page before distributing local copies.

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05 / 1940 — Japan enters French Indochina

Japanese forces entering Indochina

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for japan enters french indochina. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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06 / 1945 — Vietnam declares independence

Letter from Hồ Chí Minh after the declaration

Hồ Chí Minh · 22 October 1945

US archival document reproduced on Commons

This letter is from weeks after the proclamation and shows Vietnamese diplomacy; it is not a photograph of the ceremony.

Hồ Chí Minh · US archival document reproduced on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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07 / 1946 — Negotiations give way to war

The battle for Hanoi (1946)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for negotiations give way to war. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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08 / 1954 — Defeat at Điện Biên Phủ

French soldiers at Điện Biên Phủ

Photographer unidentified · 1954

Commons historical photograph

The photograph shows French soldiers during the battle, without depicting the final surrender.

Photographer unidentified · Commons historical photograph · Public domain per Commons record

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09 / 1954 — Geneva and a temporary division

Geneva conference plenary

US Army photographer · July 1954

Commons historical photograph

The plenary photograph documents the negotiations, not a map of the demarcation line.

US Army photographer · Commons historical photograph · Public domain in the United States per Commons; review elsewhere

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01 / 1791 — The uprising begins

French retrospective print of the uprising

Martinet, illustrator; Masson, engraver · 19th century

French historical print on Commons

A later French print with a partisan and violent title. It reflects how French publishers represented the revolt, not neutral eyewitness evidence.

Martinet, illustrator; Masson, engraver · French historical print on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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02 / 1793 — Freedom is proclaimed in the colony

Sonthonax's emancipation proclamation in Creole

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

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03 / 1794 — The Convention abolishes slavery

Decree abolishing slavery

French National Convention · 1794

Archives nationales, France

The decree itself is a contemporary source for the Convention's decision.

French National Convention · Archives nationales, France · CC0 per Archives nationales / Commons

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04 / 1801 — Toussaint's constitution

Portrait of Toussaint Louverture

François Bonneville; engraving by Jean-Baptiste Dubroca · circa 1802

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

An early printed portrait of Toussaint, not an image of the constitutional assembly or the document.

François Bonneville; engraving by Jean-Baptiste Dubroca · Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam · CC0 per Rijksmuseum / Commons

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05 / 1802 — Napoleon sends an expedition

Arrival of Toussaint in France

Pierre-Charles Baquoy · 19th century

Commons historical engraving

This engraved scene represents his arrival as a prisoner in France; it does not show combat in Saint-Domingue.

Pierre-Charles Baquoy · Commons historical engraving · Public domain per Commons record

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06 / 1803 — Victory at Vertières ends the expedition

A later depiction of the Battle of Vertières

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

A later representation of the battle; the 1803 victory belongs to the Haitian forces led by Dessalines.

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07 / 1804 — Haiti declares independence

Haitian declaration of independence

Jean-Jacques Dessalines and signatories · 1804

Commons scan of historical document

A reproduction of the independence declaration, not a visual record of the ceremony at Gonaïves.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines and signatories · Commons scan of historical document · Public domain per Commons record

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08 / 1825 — Recognition at a cost

French ordinance on Haitian recognition

Charles X and French government · 17 April 1825

Archives nationales, France

The French ordinance sets out the conditions; its text is the colonizing power's account of the bargain.

Charles X and French government · Archives nationales, France · Public domain per Commons record

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01 / 1412 — A child grows up at Domrémy

Joan's house at Domrémy (later photograph)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

A much later photograph of a house associated with Joan’s childhood; it does not document her birth.

Individual creator, institution and reuse terms: see source record · Consult the individual source record for reuse terms

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02 / 1429 — Vaucouleurs opens a route to the court

Joan leaves Vaucouleurs (later painting)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for vaucouleurs opens a route to the court. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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03 / 1429 — Joan meets the dauphin at Chinon

Joan meets Charles at Chinon (later tapestry)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for joan meets the dauphin at chinon. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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04 / 1429 — Orléans is relieved

Joan entering Orléans

Henry Scheffer · 19th century

Commons historical painting

A nineteenth-century painting imagines the 1429 entry; it is not a contemporary record.

Henry Scheffer · Commons historical painting · Public domain per Commons record

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05 / 1429 — Jargeau: the Loire campaign begins

Joan wounded at Jargeau (1895 sculpture)

Alfred-Désiré Lanson; photograph credited on Commons · 1895 sculpture; later photograph

Place du Martroi, Jargeau

The nineteenth-century sculpture remembers the 1429 assault; it is not eyewitness testimony.

Alfred-Désiré Lanson; photograph credited on Commons · Place du Martroi, Jargeau; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

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06 / 1429 — Patay clears the road north

Battle of Patay (later manuscript illustration)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

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07 / 1429 — Troyes opens the road to Reims

Troyes presents its keys to Charles VII and Joan

Anonymous illuminator · c. 1484

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 62r

An illumination made about fifty years later in the Vigiles de Charles VII; it portrays the submission, not a contemporary view.

Anonymous illuminator · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 62r; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

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08 / 1429 — Charles VII is crowned

Coronation of Charles VII

Anonymous illuminator · 15th century, after 1429

Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 4811

A manuscript miniature made after the event depicts the coronation.

Anonymous illuminator · Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 4811 · Public domain per Commons record

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09 / 1429 — The Paris assault fails

Joan before the gate of Paris (later image)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

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10 / 1430 — Captured at Compiègne

The capture of Joan of Arc

Jules Eugène Lenepveu · 19th century

Panthéon cycle; Commons reproduction

A later nationalist painting reconstructs the capture, with no claim to eyewitness accuracy.

Jules Eugène Lenepveu · Panthéon cycle; Commons reproduction · Public domain per Commons record

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11 / 1431 — The trial at Rouen

Early drawing of Joan of Arc

Clément de Fauquembergue · 1429

Archives nationales, France; Commons reproduction

This near-contemporary drawing was made in 1429 and is not a portrait from the 1431 courtroom.

Clément de Fauquembergue · Archives nationales, France; Commons reproduction · Public domain per Commons record

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12 / 1431 — Execution at Rouen

Joan in the Vieux-Marché of Rouen

Engraver unconfirmed; after an older illustration · later reproduction

Commons historical print

A retrospective depiction of the execution; it does not illustrate the later legal annulment.

Engraver unconfirmed; after an older illustration · Commons historical print · Public domain per Commons record

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13 / 1456 — A second court annuls the verdict

Rouen plaque recalling the 1456 rehabilitation

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

A modern plaque in Rouen commemorates the 1456 annulment; the plaque itself is not a fifteenth-century source.

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14 / 1920 — Canonization reshapes the memory of Joan

The canonization of Joan in Rome (1920)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for canonization reshapes the memory of joan. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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01 / 1721 — Persian Letters satirize French society

An edition of Persian Letters

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for persian letters satirize french society. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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02 / 1748 — Montesquieu examines power

Title page of The Spirit of Laws

Montesquieu; printer of first edition · 1748

First edition reproduced on Commons

The first edition's title page directly documents publication, not public agreement with the book.

Montesquieu; printer of first edition · First edition reproduced on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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03 / 1751 — The Encyclopédie appears

Title page of the Encyclopédie

Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, editors · 1751

Historical publication reproduced on Commons

The printed front matter is contemporary evidence of the first volume, not a scene inside an editor's workshop.

Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, editors · Historical publication reproduced on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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04 / 1759 — Authorities restrict the Encyclopédie

Portrait of Denis Diderot

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for authorities restrict the encyclopédie. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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05 / 1762 — Rousseau and political legitimacy

Title page of The Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau · 1762

Historical publication reproduced on Commons

A title page from the work; it establishes the text's appearance without standing in for its reception.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau · Historical publication reproduced on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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06 / 1763 — Voltaire calls for tolerance

Portrait of Voltaire

After Maurice Quentin de La Tour · circa 1762

Commons historical portrait

A portrait of the author near the publication date; it does not reproduce the treatise or the Calas trial.

After Maurice Quentin de La Tour · Commons historical portrait · Public domain per Commons record

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07 / 1781 — Condorcet argues against slavery

Condorcet's antislavery treatise

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for condorcet argues against slavery. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

Individual creator, institution and reuse terms: see source record · Consult the individual source record for reuse terms

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08 / 1789 — Lavoisier recasts chemistry

Elementary Treatise of Chemistry

Antoine Lavoisier · 1789

Historical publication reproduced on Commons

The publication is an example of scientific work; its date does not make the book a direct cause of the French Revolution.

Antoine Lavoisier · Historical publication reproduced on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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01 / 1833 — A law orders schools for boys

Portrait of François Guizot

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for a law orders schools for boys. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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02 / 1875 — A republic takes root

One of the constitutional laws of 1875

French National Assembly · 1875

Archives nationales, France

This constitutional document relates to the republican framework, not a school law.

French National Assembly · Archives nationales, France · CC0 per Archives nationales / Commons

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03 / 1881 — Public primary school becomes free

Portrait of Jules Ferry

Portrait maker credited on Commons source record · late 19th century

Paris Musées, D.4734

A portrait of the minister associated with the reform; the image is not a reproduction of the 1881 law.

Portrait maker credited on Commons source record · Paris Musées, D.4734 · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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04 / 1882 — Compulsory, secular instruction

Primary-school classroom

Photographer unidentified · circa 1880

Commons historical photograph

A classroom near the period of the law; it does not prove that every child attended or that every school changed immediately.

Photographer unidentified · Commons historical photograph · Public domain per Commons record

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05 / 1886 — Secular public-school staff

Le Grelot caricature about the Goblet law

Le Grelot illustrator unidentified · 1886

Le Grelot; Commons reproduction

A contemporary anticlerical caricature expressing a partisan view; it is not a neutral photograph of a classroom.

Le Grelot illustrator unidentified · Le Grelot; Commons reproduction · Public domain per Commons record

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06 / 1905 — Churches and state separate

First page of the 1905 separation law

French Parliament · 1905

French legislative document reproduced on Commons

The printed law is direct evidence of the legal change; it does not depict its uneven local application.

French Parliament · French legislative document reproduced on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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07 / 1936 — Schooling is extended to fourteen

Jean Zay in 1936

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for schooling is extended to fourteen. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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08 / 1959 — The Debré law defines contracts

Schooling in 1959 (context image)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

A contextual image of schooling in 1959; the Debré law is documented through the linked historical reference, not by this photograph.

Individual creator, institution and reuse terms: see source record · Consult the individual source record for reuse terms

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01 / 1791 — Olympe de Gouges demands equality

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman

Olympe de Gouges · 1791

Historical text reproduced on Commons

A reproduction of the declaration itself, a direct record of the political demand.

Olympe de Gouges · Historical text reproduced on Commons · Public domain per Commons record

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02 / 1848 — The vote excludes women

Medal commemorating a women's club

Medallist credited in Paris Musées source record · 1848

Paris Musées, ND7462

A period medal records a women's club, not a photograph of its members or a ballot box.

Medallist credited in Paris Musées source record · Paris Musées, ND7462 · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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03 / 1880 — Hubertine Auclert campaigns

Hubertine Auclert and the suffrage campaign

Charles Gallot · late 19th century

Commons historical photograph

A portrait of the activist; it does not depict a specific protest in 1880.

Charles Gallot · Commons historical photograph · Public domain per Commons record

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04 / 1907 — Married women control their wages

Women at work in a French factory (1910)

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for married women control their wages. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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05 / 1936 — Women join a cabinet without a vote

Suzanne Lacore in 1936

Creator: consult the linked artwork record · See artwork record

Wikimedia Commons; consult the record for its holding institution

This image provides context for women join a cabinet without a vote. Its creation date may differ from the historical event; see the linked artwork record for its maker and provenance.

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06 / 1937 — Louise Weiss takes the campaign public

Louise Weiss at a suffrage demonstration

Press photographer unidentified · 1937

Bibliothèque nationale de France

A press photograph of the public campaign at the exhibition, not a vote won in 1937.

Press photographer unidentified · Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain per Commons record

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07 / 1944 — Women gain voting rights

The women's vote pavilion, Paris

Press photographer unidentified · 1937

Bibliothèque nationale de France

This 1937 campaign photograph predates the 1944 ordinance by seven years; it shows advocacy, not the legal text.

Press photographer unidentified · Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain per Commons record

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08 / 1945 — Women cast their first ballots

Women elected to the Constituent Assembly

Archives nationales, France · 1945–1946

Archives nationales, France

An archive record of women elected at the national vote in October; it does not show an April municipal polling station.

Archives nationales, France · Archives nationales, France · CC0 per Archives nationales / Commons

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01 / -118 — Narbonne becomes a Roman colony

The Via Domitia at Narbonne

Didier Descouens · 2 August 2015

Narbonne, surviving Via Domitia; Wikimedia Commons

This modern photograph shows an excavated section of the Roman road in Narbonne. It provides material context for the colony’s connections; it does not depict its foundation in 118 BCE.

Didier Descouens / Wikimedia Commons; tonal adjustment by Ptyx; CC BY-SA 4.0 · CC BY-SA 4.0

02 / -52 — Alesia changes the balance

The Siege of Alesia

Henri-Paul Motte · 1886

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later portrayal that reflects the artist's interpretation, not a contemporary witness.

Henri-Paul Motte · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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03 / -43 — Lugdunum is founded

Remains of the Gier aqueduct

Commons photographer · 2009; Roman structure

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Commons photographer · Wikimedia Commons source record · See rights statement on Commons source record

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04 / 10 — A public stage in Roman Arles

Roman theatre in Arles

Commons photographer · Modern photograph; ancient theatre

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Commons photographer · Wikimedia Commons source record · See rights statement on Commons source record

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05 / 48 — A voice for Gaul in the Senate

The Claudian Table

Anonymous Roman bronze-workers; photograph by Scailyna · After 48 CE; photograph 10 November 2015

Lugdunum – Musée et théâtres romains, Lyon

The surviving bronze inscription transmits part of Claudius’s speech. The photograph is modern, while the text is an ancient document directly associated with the question of Gallic access to Roman office.

Scailyna / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0 · CC BY-SA 4.0

06 / 50 — Water reshapes Nîmes

Pont du Gard

Celeda · 2017; Roman structure

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Celeda · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC BY-SA 4.0; credit Celeda

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07 / 177 — Christians are persecuted at Lyon

The Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls

Otourly · 15 September 2012

Amphithéâtre des Trois Gaules, Lyon; Wikimedia Commons

A present-day view of the amphitheatre associated with the martyrdom of Lyon’s Christians. The ruins locate the memory of persecution; the photograph cannot reconstruct the events of 177.

Otourly / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0

08 / 212 — Citizenship reaches across the empire

Portrait bust of Caracalla

Anonymous Roman sculptor; photograph by Mark Landon · 212–217 CE; photograph 7 June 2016

Lugdunum, Lyon, D2; on loan from the Louvre, Ma 1111

The ancient imperial portrait dates to Caracalla’s reign and is now displayed at Lyon. It identifies the ruler associated with the edict, rather than illustrating its proclamation or reception in Gaul.

Mark Landon / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 4.0 · CC BY 4.0

01 / 1144 — Saint-Denis opens a new language

Basilica of Saint-Denis

Zairon · Modern photograph; medieval fabric

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Zairon · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC BY-SA 4.0; credit Zairon

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02 / 1163 — Notre-Dame takes shape in Paris

West façade of Notre-Dame de Paris

Glmdvd · 1 August 2014

Notre-Dame de Paris; Wikimedia Commons

The photograph shows Notre-Dame’s completed western façade before the 2019 fire. This part of the building belongs to later construction phases; it is not a reconstruction of the work begun in 1163.

Glmdvd / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0 · CC BY-SA 4.0

03 / 1194 — Chartres is rebuilt

Chartres Cathedral facade

Cdiguet · Modern photograph; medieval building

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Cdiguet · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC BY-SA 4.0; credit Cdiguet

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04 / 1195 — Bourges chooses a different plan

The central nave of Bourges Cathedral

Ymblanter · 30 May 2019

Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges; Wikimedia Commons

A modern photograph of the cathedral’s central nave makes its height and layered interior visible. It shows the surviving monument after centuries of maintenance, not the original building campaign itself.

Ymblanter / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0 · CC BY-SA 4.0

05 / 1211 — Reims rises after fire

Reims Cathedral

Commons photographer · Modern photograph; medieval building

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Commons photographer · Wikimedia Commons source record · See rights statement on Commons source record

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06 / 1220 — Amiens reaches upward

Amiens Cathedral

Commons photographer · Modern photograph; medieval building

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Commons photographer · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC BY-SA 4.0; verify author on Commons

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07 / 1248 — The Sainte-Chapelle becomes a reliquary

The upper chapel of the Sainte-Chapelle

Didier B (Sam67fr) · 14 October 2005

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris; Wikimedia Commons

This modern interior view shows medieval stained glass alongside later restoration. It illustrates the chapel’s luminous architectural effect, rather than documenting the consecration or presenting an untouched thirteenth-century interior.

Didier B (Sam67fr), with corrections by Wikipeder and Mael vreizh / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.5 · CC BY-SA 2.5

08 / 1284 — Beauvais confronts the limits of height

The choir of Beauvais Cathedral

Zairon · 28 May 2018

Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais; Wikimedia Commons

The surviving choir is photographed long after the medieval collapse and its subsequent repairs. The view communicates the structure’s scale, but does not establish the cause of the failure in 1284.

Zairon / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0 · CC BY-SA 4.0

01 / 1685 — The Code Noir regulates enslavement

Manuscript copy of the 1685 ordinance

Royal administration; copyist unidentified · 1685; later manuscript copy

Wikimedia Commons source record

A historical document that records one aspect of the event, not the whole experience.

Royal administration; copyist unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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02 / 1773 — A ship from Nantes

Cross-section of the Marie-Séraphique

Artist unidentified · 1773

Wikimedia Commons source record

A historical document that records one aspect of the event, not the whole experience.

Artist unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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03 / 1788 — Abolitionists organize in Paris

Title page of an address by the Society of the Friends of the Blacks

Société des amis des Noirs; engraver unidentified · 1790

Bibliothèque nationale de France, via Gallica

This publication appeared two years after the society’s foundation. Its kneeling figure expresses the campaign’s paternalistic visual language.

Société des amis des Noirs; engraver unidentified · Bibliothèque nationale de France, via Gallica · Public domain (PD-old-70; publication before 1931) · Public domain (PD-old-70; publication before 1931)

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04 / 1791 — The enslaved rise in Saint-Domingue

Toussaint Louverture, leader of the insurgents of Saint-Domingue

Engraver unidentified; published by Chez Jean, Paris · c. 1800

John Carter Brown Library

A later revolutionary portrait of Louverture, who emerged during the struggle; it does not depict the outbreak or its many participants.

Engraver unidentified; published by Chez Jean, Paris · John Carter Brown Library · Public domain (PD-Art; PD-old-100-expired) · Public domain (PD-Art; PD-old-100-expired)

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05 / 1794 — The Convention votes abolition

Abolition of slavery, 1794

Artist unidentified · 1794

Wikimedia Commons source record

A period representation of abolition; its idealized promise should not be confused with universal or immediate emancipation.

French National Convention · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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06 / 1802 — Guadeloupe defends its freedom

Memorial inscription to Louis Delgrès in the Panthéon

Piero d’Houin (Inocybe / Triboulet) · 5 July 2007

Panthéon, Paris; photograph on Wikimedia Commons

This modern memorial records later recognition of Delgrès. It is not an eyewitness image of the fighting in 1802.

Piero d’Houin (Inocybe / Triboulet) · Panthéon, Paris; photograph on Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0

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07 / 1804 — Haiti makes freedom sovereign

Portrait of Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Louis Rigaud · 1878

Reproduction sourced through the Institute of the Black World 21st Century

Rigaud painted this portrait decades after Dessalines’s death. It represents national memory, not a contemporary record of the declaration.

Louis Rigaud · Reproduction sourced through the Institute of the Black World 21st Century · Public domain (PD-Art; PD-old-100; publication before 1931) · Public domain (PD-Art; PD-old-100; publication before 1931)

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08 / 1848 — Abolition returns after restoration

Liberty tree in Martinique

Artist unidentified · 1848

Wikimedia Commons source record

An image from the period; its viewpoint is selective rather than a complete record of the event.

Artist unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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01 / 1857 — Saint-Louis and colonial expansion

Map of French possessions near Senegal

Mathieu; BnF source · 19th century

Wikimedia Commons source record

A historical document that records one aspect of the event, not the whole experience.

Mathieu; BnF source · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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02 / 1895 — French West Africa takes shape

Map of French African colonies

Atlas Larousse illustré · 1900

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Atlas Larousse illustré · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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03 / 1898 — Samory Touré is captured

Samory Touré after his capture

Henri Gaden · 29 September 1898

Archives Bordeaux Métropole

Gaden was a French officer and colonial administrator. This prisoner portrait records captivity within an unequal colonial encounter.

Henri Gaden · Archives Bordeaux Métropole · Public domain (Commons PD-Art; author died in 1939) · Public domain (Commons PD-Art; author died in 1939)

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04 / 1914 — Blaise Diagne enters parliament

Portrait of Blaise Diagne

Photographer unidentified · 1921

Wikimedia Commons source record

A photograph of its named subject, not proof of every claim in the accompanying scene.

Photographer unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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05 / 1944 — The massacre at Thiaroye

Square honoring the martyrs of Thiaroye in Bamako

Rgaudin · 18 May 2008

Wikimedia Commons; photographed in Bamako, Mali

A modern place of remembrance in Mali shows the massacre’s regional legacy. It does not show the camp or the shooting.

Rgaudin · Wikimedia Commons; photographed in Bamako, Mali · Public domain (released by photographer) · Public domain (released by photographer)

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06 / 1946 — Forced labor is outlawed

The Houphouët-Boignys and Kennedys at the White House

Robert LeRoy Knudsen · 22 May 1962

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, JFKWHP-KN-C21932

The 1962 photograph shows Houphouët-Boigny after independence, with his wife and the Kennedys. It does not depict the 1946 vote.

Robert LeRoy Knudsen · John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, JFKWHP-KN-C21932 · Public domain (United States federal government work) · Public domain (United States federal government work)

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07 / 1958 — Guinea chooses immediate independence

Ahmed Sékou Touré visiting Ljubljana

Danilo Škofič · 8 January 1961

Večer photographic archive, reference 272108

This photograph records a 1961 diplomatic visit after independence. It introduces Touré without presenting the visit as the referendum itself.

Danilo Škofič · Večer photographic archive, reference 272108 · Public domain (PD-Slovenia, as catalogued on Commons) · Public domain (PD-Slovenia, as catalogued on Commons)

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08 / 1960 — Independence redraws the map

Blaise Diagne mural in Dakar

Commons photographer · Modern photograph

Wikimedia Commons source record

A modern Dakar mural honours Blaise Diagne; it does not document the independence ceremonies of 1960.

Commons photographer · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC BY-SA 2.0; verify author on Commons

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01 / 1885 — A treaty restricts Malagasy sovereignty

Studio portrait of Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony

Photographer unidentified; William John Edmonds collection (Commons author field: Edmonds) · c. 1880–1895; catalogue dating uncertain

University of Southern California Libraries, International Mission Photography Archive

A studio portrait of the Malagasy prime minister provides political context. It is not an image of the treaty’s signature.

Photographer unidentified; William John Edmonds collection (Commons author field: Edmonds) · University of Southern California Libraries, International Mission Photography Archive · Public domain (Commons PD-old-100 and PD-US) · Public domain (Commons PD-old-100 and PD-US)

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02 / 1895 — An invasion reaches Antananarivo

French campaign in Madagascar

Illustrator unidentified · 1895

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later portrayal that reflects the artist's interpretation, not a contemporary witness.

Illustrator unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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03 / 1897 — The monarchy ends

Execution of Malagasy opponents

Photographer unidentified · 1896

Wikimedia Commons source record

A photograph of the execution of Malagasy opponents in 1896, a year before the queen was deposed; it does not depict her exile.

Photographer unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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04 / 1942 — War reaches the island

Uganda Battery of the King’s African Rifles near Ambositra

British official photographer · September 1942

Imperial War Museums, K 8588

An official British photograph of African troops fighting Vichy positions. Its military viewpoint does not capture the full Malagasy civilian experience.

British official photographer · Imperial War Museums, K 8588 · Public domain (expired United Kingdom Crown copyright) · Public domain (expired United Kingdom Crown copyright)

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05 / 1946 — Nationalists seek a parliamentary route

Outskirts of Antananarivo in the early twentieth century

Photographer unidentified · Early twentieth century; catalogue range 1900s–1930s

CIRAD, BH_IP4132; Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica

This earlier view locates the colonial setting. It does not show the MDRM, its members or a political gathering in 1946.

Photographer unidentified · CIRAD, BH_IP4132; Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica · Public domain (Commons PD-France; PD-US-expired; PD-old-assumed) · Public domain (Commons PD-France; PD-US-expired; PD-old-assumed)

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06 / 1947 — An uprising meets repression

Memorial to the 1947 uprising

Commons photographer · Modern photograph

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Commons photographer · Wikimedia Commons source record · See rights statement on Commons source record

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07 / 1958 — A republic before full independence

Philibert Tsiranana during his visit to Berlin

Ludwig Wegmann / Bundesarchiv; crop by Polaert · 29 August 1962; derivative crop 2009

Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-F013783-0033

This cropped portrait dates from a later state visit in 1962. It does not document the proclamation of the republic.

Ludwig Wegmann / Bundesarchiv; crop by Polaert · Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-F013783-0033 · CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany · CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany

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08 / 1960 — Madagascar becomes independent

Independence parade in Madagascar

Photographer credited on Commons · 1960

Wikimedia Commons source record

A photograph of its named subject, not proof of every claim in the accompanying scene.

Photographer credited on Commons · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC BY-SA 3.0; verify author on Commons

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01 / 1881 — Tunisia becomes a protectorate

French campaign in Tunisia

Artist unidentified · 1881

Wikimedia Commons source record

An image from the period; its viewpoint is selective rather than a complete record of the event.

Artist unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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02 / 1883 — La Marsa deepens French control

First page of the Convention of La Marsa

Beylical government of Tunis and French government · 8 June 1883

Archives nationales de Tunisie

This is a page of the agreement itself. Its formal language records imposed legal powers, not Tunisian consent to colonial rule.

Beylical government of Tunis and French government · Archives nationales de Tunisie · Public domain (PD-Tunisia; official text) · Public domain (PD-Tunisia; official text)

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03 / 1912 — A treaty changes Morocco's sovereignty

French colonial ceremony in Morocco

Le Petit Journal illustrator · 1912

Wikimedia Commons source record

An image from the period; its viewpoint is selective rather than a complete record of the event.

Le Petit Journal illustrator · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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04 / 1925 — The Rif War reaches the French zone

Portrait of Abd el-Krim

Photographer unidentified · c. 1921

Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Poland

A portrait of the Rif leader made around 1921. It identifies a protagonist without representing any particular engagement in 1925.

Photographer unidentified · Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Poland · Public domain (Commons PD-Morocco and PD-Poland) · Public domain (Commons PD-Morocco and PD-Poland)

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05 / 1934 — Tunisian nationalists organize

Café in colonial Tunis

Photographer unidentified · 1912

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

Photographer unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · See rights statement on Commons source record

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06 / 1944 — A manifesto demands Moroccan independence

Moroccan independence manifesto

Ahmed Bahnini and Ahmed el-Hamiani Khatat · 11 January 1944

Wikimedia Commons reproduction of the manifesto

The manifesto records a political demand made in 1944. Its title must not be confused with independence being achieved that year.

Ahmed Bahnini and Ahmed el-Hamiani Khatat · Wikimedia Commons reproduction of the manifesto · Public domain (Commons PD-Morocco; PD-1996) · Public domain (Commons PD-Morocco; PD-1996)

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07 / 1953 — The sultan’s exile strengthens opposition

Mohammed V visiting Berkeley Laboratory

United States government photographer; individual not identified · 5 December 1957

Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

A photograph taken after independence during a visit to the United States. It does not show the exile of 1953.

United States government photographer; individual not identified · Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · Public domain (United States federal government work) · Public domain (United States federal government work)

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08 / 1956 — Two countries regain independence

Formation of a Tunisian government

Tunisian National Archives press photograph · 1956

Wikimedia Commons source record

A photograph of its named subject, not proof of every claim in the accompanying scene.

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01 / 1870 — The Ems dispatch sharpens a crisis

The Ems dispatch

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02 / 1870 — Wissembourg reveals French weaknesses

The Battle of Wissembourg

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03 / 1870 — Gravelotte blocks the road from Metz

The Battle of Saint-Privat

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04 / 1870 — Sedan ends the imperial campaign

Battle of Sedan

Burckardt; Strasbourg library · 1870

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An image from the period; its viewpoint is selective rather than a complete record of the event.

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05 / 1870 — Strasbourg under siege

Siege of Strasbourg

Artist unidentified · 1870

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An image from the period; its viewpoint is selective rather than a complete record of the event.

Artist unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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06 / 1870 — The army at Metz surrenders

The surrender of the army at Metz

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07 / 1871 — An empire proclaimed at Versailles

Proclamation at Versailles

Paris Musées print · 1871 or later

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A later portrayal that reflects the artist's interpretation, not a contemporary witness.

Paris Musées print · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC0 per Paris Musées / Commons

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08 / 1871 — Alsace and part of Lorraine ceded

Map of the Strasbourg siege

Cartographer unidentified · 1870

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01 / 1968 — A movement forms at Nanterre

Daniel Cohn-Bendit in 1968

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A 1968 portrait of a figure associated with the Nanterre movement; it does not show the occupation on 22 March.

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02 / 1968 — Police intervention spreads the protest

Order suspending classes at the Sorbonne

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03 / 1968 — Barricades change the scale of the crisis

Students at the Sorbonne (context image)

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04 / 1968 — Students occupy the Sorbonne

Occupied Sorbonne

Dutch National Archives photographer · May 1968

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A photograph of its named subject, not proof of every claim in the accompanying scene.

Dutch National Archives photographer · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC0 per Dutch National Archives Commons file

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05 / 1968 — Strikes spread across France

Factory occupations poster

Publisher unidentified; BnF · 1968

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A historical document that records one aspect of the event, not the whole experience.

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06 / 1968 — Negotiations and disagreement

Support the postal strike poster

Publisher unidentified; BnF · 1968

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A historical document that records one aspect of the event, not the whole experience.

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07 / 1968 — De Gaulle dissolves the Assembly

Gaullist demonstration on 30 May

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08 / 1968 — After June, questions remain

The struggle continues poster

Atelier populaire; BnF · 1968

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A historical document that records one aspect of the event, not the whole experience.

Atelier populaire; BnF · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC0 per BnF Commons record

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01 / 1950 — Schuman proposes shared coal and steel

Salon de l'Horloge, site of the declaration

Commons photographer · Modern photograph

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A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

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02 / 1951 — Six states sign the coal and steel treaty

Signatures and seals of the Treaty of Paris

Marc Baronnet · Document 18 April 1951; photograph 3 January 2017

Archives du ministère des Affaires étrangères, La Courneuve, 19510080/001

A modern photograph records the signatures and seals on the original coal and steel treaty. It documents the agreement itself, not the signing ceremony or the industries subsequently governed by it.

Marc Baronnet / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0 · CC BY-SA 4.0

03 / 1957 — The Treaties of Rome

Capitoline hall, site of the 1957 signing

Commons photographer · 2004

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A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

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04 / 1963 — Reconciliation receives a permanent framework

Signing the Élysée Treaty

Unidentified photographer, German Federal Archives · 22 January 1963

Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-P106816

The archive photograph records the treaty signing at the Élysée Palace, with Adenauer and de Gaulle seated among their ministers. It is a contemporary record of the ceremony, not evidence that subsequent cooperation was free of political tension.

Bundesarchiv, B 145 Bild-P106816 / Unknown author / CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany · CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany

05 / 1979 — Europe’s Parliament faces the voters

Simone Veil chairs the European Parliament

Claude Truong-Ngoc · 12 October 1979

Palais de l’Europe, Strasbourg; photograph in Wikimedia Commons

Veil is photographed chairing a parliamentary session in October 1979. This is a contemporary view of her presidency, several months after the June elections, not an image of voting or her election as president.

Claude Truong-Ngoc / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0

06 / 1985 — Schengen begins with five countries

Signatures of the 1985 Schengen Agreement

Zinneke · Document 14 June 1985; photograph 22 May 2011

Schengen Treaty Museum, Schengen, Luxembourg

The signature page is photographed on display in Schengen. This modern museum view shows the 1985 agreement, not the later removal of border checks; brightness was adjusted in the Commons file history.

Zinneke; brightness correction by Slashme / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0

07 / 1992 — Maastricht expands the project

French signatures on the Maastricht Treaty

European treaty archive · 1992

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A historical document that records one aspect of the event, not the whole experience.

European treaty archive · Wikimedia Commons source record · See rights statement on Commons source record

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08 / 2002 — Euros enter everyday life

French euro coins

Commons photographer · 2002

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A photograph of its named subject, not proof of every claim in the accompanying scene.

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01 / 1666 — A royal academy for science

Colbert presents the Academy of Sciences to Louis XIV

Henri Testelin · Probably 1675–1680

Château de Versailles

Testelin’s later painting glorifies royal patronage by bringing scholars, instruments and the king into a staged composition. Its conventional title mentions 1667; the Academy’s first meeting was in 1666. It is not an eyewitness image of that meeting.

Henri Testelin / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain · Public domain (per Commons source record)

02 / 1788 — Measuring matter anew

Portrait of the Lavoisiers

Jacques-Louis David · 1788

Wikimedia Commons source record

An image from the period; its viewpoint is selective rather than a complete record of the event.

Jacques-Louis David · Wikimedia Commons source record · CC0 per Metropolitan Museum of Art

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03 / 1795 — The Republic defines common measures

Public metre standard in rue de Vaugirard

LPLT · 1796–1797 standard; photograph 2010

36 rue de Vaugirard, Paris; Wikimedia Commons

A modern photograph shows a surviving marble standard installed after the 1795 law to make the new measure publicly accessible. It illustrates the practical dissemination of the metre rather than the legislative vote.

LPLT / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0

04 / 1851 — Foucault makes Earth’s rotation visible

Foucault pendulum at the Panthéon

Rémih · 25 April 2011

Panthéon, Paris; Wikimedia Commons

The photograph shows a later installation at the site of Foucault’s public demonstration. It conveys the relationship between the pendulum and the building, not the original 1851 apparatus or its audience.

Rémih / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0 · CC BY-SA 3.0

05 / 1861 — Pasteur challenges spontaneous generation

Flask used by Louis Pasteur

Wellcome Collection photographer · 1860–1864; later object photograph

Wikimedia Commons source record

A later image of a surviving place or memorial; it does not show the historic event itself.

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06 / 1885 — A rabies treatment

Louis Pasteur in his laboratory

Science History Institute · Late 19th century

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A later portrayal that reflects the artist's interpretation, not a contemporary witness.

Science History Institute · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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07 / 1896 — Becquerel finds spontaneous radiation

Becquerel and the experiment with the magnet

Unidentified creator · Undated historical laboratory image

National Library of Medicine, historical image B02617

The source identifies Becquerel and an experiment with a magnet, but gives no creation date or maker. It provides context for laboratory research and should not be read as a record of the moment of discovery in 1896.

Unidentified creator / National Library of Medicine / Wikimedia Commons; public domain per source record · Public domain (per Commons source record)

08 / 1898 — Curie studies radioactivity

Marie Curie in her laboratory

Photographer unidentified · Early 20th century

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A photograph of its named subject, not proof of every claim in the accompanying scene.

Photographer unidentified · Wikimedia Commons source record · Public domain per Commons record

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01 / 1831 — Silk workers protest in Lyon

Descente des ouvriers de la Croix-Rousse en novembre 1831 lors de la première révolte des canuts à Lyon

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02 / 1834 — A second revolt is suppressed

Révolte de canuts à Lyon en 1834

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03 / 1884 — Trade unions become legal

Loi relative à la création des syndicats professionnels (Waldeck-Rousseau)

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04 / 1906 — A demand for eight hours

1906 - Grève pour les 8 heures

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05 / 1919 — The eight-hour day becomes law

A 1919 song celebrating the eight-hour day

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A song sheet from 1919 celebrates the new eight-hour day; it is contemporary cultural evidence, not the statute itself.

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06 / 1936 — Factory occupations grow

Les ouvriers de l'Usine Renault en grève, sont massés sur le pont Seguin - btv1b9028245m

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07 / 1936 — Paid leave changes daily life

Grévistes-métallurgie-usine-banlieue-Paris1936

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08 / 1968 — A new national strike

Mai 1968. Soutien populaire de la grève de l'EDF (affiche texte) affiche, non identifié

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01 / 1827 — An early railway opens

Chemin de fer de la Loire renseignements généraux 1827

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02 / 1832 — Track reaches Lyon

Vue prise du chemin de fer de St Etienne à Andrézieux

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03 / 1837 — Passengers leave Paris

Victor Hubert - Paris-Saint Germain Railway 1837

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04 / 1842 — The state plans a network

Loi du 11 juin 1842 créant les premiers chemins de fer, ND1257

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05 / 1877 — Saint-Lazare inspires Monet

Claude Monet, The Gare St-Lazare, 1877

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06 / 1883 — A luxury link goes east

Orient-Express 1883-1914

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07 / 1900 — A station for a world's fair

Gare-d'Orsay-BaS

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08 / 1981 — High-speed rail arrives

TGV rame 16 - Paris Gare de Lyon - 40 ans du record de vitesse - 12

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01 / 1863 — Manet provokes a debate

Manet Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe

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02 / 1869 — Painting beside the Seine

La grenouillere 1869 monet

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03 / 1872 — Morisot paints private life

Morisot - the-cradle-1872

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04 / 1874 — A new exhibition opens

Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant, 1872

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05 / 1876 — Dance and changing leisure

Ball at the Moulin de la Galette Renoir 1876

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06 / 1877 — A different view of Paris

Gustave Caillebotte - Paris Street; Rainy Day - Google Art Project

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07 / 1882 — Manet’s modern crowd

Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère

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08 / 1886 — The last group show

Georges Seurat - Un dimanche après-midi à l'île de la Grande Jatte

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01 / 1895 — The Lumières project films

Cinematograph Lumiere advertisement 1895 (cropped)

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02 / 1896 — Alice Guy directs stories

Alice Guy

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03 / 1902 — Méliès travels to the Moon

Méliès Trip to the Moon planets still

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04 / 1905 — Studios distribute widely

Pathe Freres (1905)

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05 / 1913 — Fantômas becomes a serial

Fantômas - Louis Feuillade (1913)

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06 / 1927 — Gance experiments with scale

Napoleon (1927) - US poster

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07 / 1931 — Sound changes filmmaking

Identite-ReneClair-1930-Sacem

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08 / 1939 — Renoir questions privilege

Recueil. "La règle du jeu" film de Jean Renoir - btv1b105081613 (30 of 49)

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01 / 1783 — The first crewed balloon

First human flight Montgolfier balloon - Nov. 21. 1783

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02 / 1852 — A powered airship

Dirigeable Giffard 1852

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03 / 1906 — Santos-Dumont flies in Paris

Santos-Dumont le 12 novembre 1906, sur son 14-bis (premier record du monde officiel de vitesse)

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04 / 1909 — Blériot crosses the Channel

Départ de Blériot pour la traversée de la Manche, Calais (25 juillet) 1909 - btv1b532397727

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05 / 1913 — A flight over the Mediterranean

Roland Garros 28 septembre 1913

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06 / 1930 — Airmail crosses the Atlantic

Jean Mermoz 1935

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07 / 1955 — The Caravelle takes flight

Caravelle bcmceo

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08 / 1969 — Concorde's first flight

Concorde maiden flight cleaned

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01 / 1791 — The first written constitution

Constitution de 1791. Page 1 - Archives Nationales - AE-I-10-1

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02 / 1795 — A directory replaces the Convention

Minute originale de la Constitution de l'an III, décrétée le 5 fructidor an III (22 août 1795). Page de titre - Archives Nationales - AE-I-10-12

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03 / 1799 — Power moves to the Consulate

Constitution de l'an VIII (1799), NS471

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04 / 1814 — A royal charter

Charte constitutionnelle du 4 juin 1814. Page 1 - Archives Nationales - AE-I-29

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05 / 1848 — A new republic

Constitution de la République française, 1848

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06 / 1875 — A republic in three laws

Henri Wallon by Georges Lafosse

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07 / 1946 — A parliamentary republic returns

Constitution du 27 octobre 1946

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08 / 1958 — A new balance of powers

Constitution de 1958

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01 / 1853 — Haussmann appointed

Henri Lehmann - Portrait du baron Haussmann (1809-1891), préfet de la Seine (1853-1870) - P2213 - Musée Carnavalet

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02 / 1854 — Old streets are recorded

Marville - Rue des Deux-Ecus

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03 / 1855 — New avenues cut through

Charles Marville, Boulevard Sébastopol, ca. 1853–70

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04 / 1858 — The Bois de Boulogne changes

Charles Marville, Bois de Boulogne - Pavillon d'Armenonville, ca. 1853–70

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05 / 1860 — The capital grows outward

Adolphe Yvon - Haussmann présente à l'Empereur le plan d'annexion des Communes

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06 / 1861 — An opera house rises

Chantier de construction du Nouvel Opéra de Paris - photogr. Delmaet & Durandelle - btv1b53270838s

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07 / 1865 — New water reaches the capital

A later view of the Dhuis aqueduct

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08 / 1870 — The prefect is dismissed

M. Haussmann et Mlle Lutèce - "Paris-Comique"

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01 / 1562 — Violence at Wassy

Massacre de Vassy 1562 print by Hogenberg end of 16th century

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02 / 1569 — War returns

Battle of Jarnac

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03 / 1570 — A fragile peace

François Clouet - Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny

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04 / 1572 — Saint Bartholomew's Day

Frans Hogenberg, The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, circa 1572

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05 / 1598 — The Edict of Nantes

Soubise edit de nantes avril 1598 -1

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06 / 1628 — La Rochelle surrenders

Siège de la Rochelle sous le règne de Louis XIII et sous le Ministère du Cardinal de Richelieu en 1628. Dressé d'après la grande carte de Callot - btv1b53197202b

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07 / 1629 — The Peace of Alès

Plan de La Rochelle et du fort Louis (estampe)

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08 / 1685 — The edict is revoked

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

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01 / 987 — Hugh Capet is elected

Hugues Ier Capet

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02 / 996 — Robert II succeeds

Robert II, roi de France

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03 / 1031 — Henry I inherits the crown

Henri I, roi de France

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04 / 1060 — Philip I becomes king

Philippe I, roi de France

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05 / 1108 — Louis VI asserts authority

Louis VI, roi de France

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06 / 1137 — Louis VII and Aquitaine

Louis VII, roi de France

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07 / 1204 — Philip II gains Normandy

Philippe II, roi de France

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08 / 1214 — Bouvines consolidates power

Bataille de Bouvines (1214) - Ms. 5090

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01 / 1853 — France takes possession

Girard - La Nouvelle-Calédonie, paru dans Le Monde illustré, 25 avril 1857 (page 6 crop)

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02 / 1864 — A penal colony expands

Carte de la Nouvelle Calédonie et de ses dépendances avec la colonie pénitentiaire de l'ile Nou - d'après la carte de Mr. Bouquet de la Grye et des documents officiels ; par V. A. Malte-Brun ; Gravé par Erhard - btv1b8491758g

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03 / 1878 — Kanak resistance under Ataï

Altai grand chef Kanak 1878

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04 / 1880 — Land and customary authority

Two Kanak (Canaque) warriors holding weapons, New Caledonia

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05 / 1909 — Nickel connects the islands to markets

New Caledonia - Thio - Loading of nickel ore from narrow gauge wagons on the pier onto ships - 30 June 1909

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06 / 1946 — Colonial status changes

Dumbéa - Mine "des Barbouilleurs" - Ch. B. Nething - btv1b101213503

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07 / 1988 — Matignon accords seek peace

Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, filmed in June 2013

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08 / 1998 — Nouméa creates a process

Kanak house

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01 / 1673 — Lully gives tragedy a new voice

Jean-Baptiste Lully, lithographic portrait

Ducarme, after Ad. Midy · 19th century

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b8422119p

A nineteenth-century portrait recalling Lully, rather than an image of the 1673 performance.

Ducarme, after Ad. Midy · Jean-Baptiste Lully, lithographic portrait · 19th century · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b8422119p · Public domain, as identified on the Commons file record

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02 / 1733 — Rameau unsettles the opera

Portrait of Jean-Philippe Rameau

Attributed to Joseph Aved · Circa 1728

Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, CA 247

A portrait from around five years before the opera, identifying the composer rather than staging its premiere.

Attributed to Joseph Aved · Portrait of Jean-Philippe Rameau · Circa 1728 · Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, CA 247 · Public domain, as identified on the Commons file record

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03 / 1792 — A war song becomes La Marseillaise

Autograph manuscript of La Marseillaise

Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle · 18th century, as catalogued

Assemblée nationale, reproduction via Wikimedia Commons

An autograph musical document; its catalogue dates it to the eighteenth century without identifying this sheet as the first draft.

Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle · Autograph manuscript of La Marseillaise · 18th century, as catalogued · Assemblée nationale, reproduction via Wikimedia Commons · Public domain, as identified on the Commons file record

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04 / 1830 — Berlioz dreams in orchestral colour

Hector Berlioz, after Signol’s portrait

After Émile Signol · 1900 reproduction, as catalogued

Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Musique, Est. Berlioz 001

A later reproduction of an early portrait of Berlioz, not a view of the 1830 concert.

After Émile Signol · Hector Berlioz, after Signol’s portrait · 1900 reproduction, as catalogued · Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Musique, Est. Berlioz 001 · Public domain in France and the United States, per Commons rights tags

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05 / 1875 — Carmen enters the Opéra-Comique

Poster for the premiere of Carmen

Prudent-Louis Leray · 1875

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b53187276q

An original promotional poster for the opera’s first production, presenting characters rather than documenting a real street scene.

Prudent-Louis Leray · Poster for the premiere of Carmen · 1875 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b53187276q · Public domain, as identified on the Commons file record

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06 / 1894 — Debussy opens another sound world

Claude Debussy

Nadar · 1905

Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Musique

A studio photograph taken eleven years after the premiere; it portrays Debussy rather than the performance.

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07 / 1913 — Lili Boulanger wins the Prix de Rome

Lili Boulanger, winner of the Prix de Rome

Agence Meurisse · 1913

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b9022337j

A press photograph from the year of Boulanger’s prize, explicitly identifying her as its winner.

Agence Meurisse · Lili Boulanger, winner of the Prix de Rome · 1913 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b9022337j · Public domain, Commons PD-old-70 rights statement

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08 / 1928 — Ravel turns repetition into theatre

Portrait of Maurice Ravel

Unknown photographer · 1925

Bibliothèque nationale de France

A portrait published three years before Boléro, used to introduce its composer rather than its dancers.

Unknown photographer · Portrait of Maurice Ravel · 1925 · Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain, Commons PD-EU-anonymous and United States rights statements

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01 / 1631 — The Gazette brings news under royal privilege

Title page of the Gazette for 1631

Gazette publishing staff; individual designer unidentified · 1631 title page; digital upload dated 2015

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica

A title page for the newspaper’s first year, rather than a portrait of Renaudot or a claim to show its first issue.

Gazette publishing staff; individual designer unidentified · Title page of the Gazette for 1631 · 1631 title page; digital upload dated 2015 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica · Public domain, Commons PD-old-70-expired

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02 / 1777 — Paris gets a daily newspaper

Benjamin Franklin’s letter in the Journal de Paris

Benjamin Franklin; French translator unidentified · 26 April 1784

Stuart Karu collection, reproduced for New York University exhibition

A page published seven years after the daily began. Franklin’s satirical letter illustrates the paper’s varied content, not its first issue.

Benjamin Franklin; French translator unidentified · Benjamin Franklin’s letter in the Journal de Paris · 26 April 1784 · Stuart Karu collection, reproduced for New York University exhibition · Public domain, as identified on the Commons file record

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03 / 1789 — The Revolution speaks through new journals

Cover of the first issue of Révolutions de Paris

Louis-Marie Prudhomme, publisher; digital reproduction by Onkel Karlchen · July 1789

Reproduction via Université du Québec à Chicoutimi / Wikimedia Commons

The first issue’s cover is a contemporary record of revolutionary journalism. Exact day labels differ in the Commons description; July is retained.

Louis-Marie Prudhomme, publisher; digital reproduction by Onkel Karlchen · Cover of the first issue of Révolutions de Paris · July 1789 · Reproduction via Université du Québec à Chicoutimi / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain dedication by the uploader; underlying printed work from 1789

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04 / 1830 — Censorship helps ignite a revolution

Calendar of press freedom and public order after 1830

Giraldon-Bovinet · 1830s

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b8414812j

A printed retrospective of press freedom after the revolution; it does not reproduce the July ordinances themselves.

Giraldon-Bovinet · Calendar of press freedom and public order after 1830 · 1830s · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica btv1b8414812j · Public domain, Commons PD-old-70-expired

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05 / 1836 — Girardin lowers the price of news

Émile de Girardin

Monnin and Hugues Merle, as credited by the source · 1855

Bibliothèque nationale de France, RESERVE QB-370 (122)-FT4

A portrait published nineteen years after La Presse was founded, identifying the publisher rather than illustrating the launch.

Monnin and Hugues Merle, as credited by the source · Émile de Girardin · 1855 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, RESERVE QB-370 (122)-FT4 · Public domain, as identified on the Commons file record

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06 / 1863 — Le Petit Journal reaches a wider public

The Paris carnival in Le Petit Journal

Anonymous · 17 February 1863

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica, Le Petit Journal

A carnival item from the paper’s first year shows its interest in everyday public life; it is not the launch issue.

Anonymous · The Paris carnival in Le Petit Journal · 17 February 1863 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica, Le Petit Journal · Public domain, as identified on the Commons file record

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07 / 1881 — Press freedom receives a lasting framework

Law on freedom of the press, first page

French Republic; digitized by Archives nationales · 29 July 1881

Archives nationales, A//1404

The first page of the original law, preserved and digitized by the Archives nationales.

French Republic; digitized by Archives nationales · Law on freedom of the press, first page · 29 July 1881 · Archives nationales, A//1404 · Public domain, Commons PD-old-100-expired

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08 / 1898 — Zola puts accusation on the front page

Zola’s trial, lawyer Labori addressing the court

Louis Malteste · 12 February 1898

Bibliothèque nationale de France, Le Monde illustré

A courtroom drawing published during Zola’s trial, offering a contemporary illustrated account rather than a photograph.

Louis Malteste · Zola’s trial, lawyer Labori addressing the court · 12 February 1898 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Le Monde illustré · Public domain, Commons PD-old-100-expired

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01 / 1534 — Cartier raises a contested claim

Imagined portrait of Jacques Cartier

Théophile Hamel after François Riss; photograph by Wilfredor · 19th century; photograph 2019

Wikimedia Commons, Wilfredor photograph

Hamel’s nineteenth-century portrait was made centuries after Cartier’s voyages, after an earlier invented likeness by François Riss. It is not a life portrait or a record of the Gaspé encounter. The photograph is credited to Wilfredor under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Théophile Hamel after François Riss; photograph by Wilfredor; Wikimedia Commons, Wilfredor photograph · CC BY-SA 4.0, as published for this photograph

02 / 1608 — Québec: a foothold on the river

The habitation at Québec

Samuel de Champlain · Design circa 1608; reproduced in a 1925 edition

The Works of Samuel de Champlain, volume II, p. 39; Champlain Society

The plan presents the Québec habitation from Champlain’s own published account. It identifies workshops, stores and defenses rather than recording a single arrival ceremony. This scan comes from a later edition of his works.

Samuel de Champlain; The Works of Samuel de Champlain, volume II, p. 39; Champlain Society · Public domain: Champlain died in 1635; PD-Art reproduction

03 / 1609 — An alliance enters the battlefield

Battle on Lake Champlain, after Champlain

Samuel de Champlain; later digital colorization uploaded by Pierre5018 · Engraving published 1613; colorized version 2014

Voyages de Champlain; reproduction through Project Gutenberg and Wikimedia Commons

This engraving comes from Champlain’s published account and expresses his perspective on the encounter. It is a composed narrative image, not a photograph or a neutral Indigenous account. The color was added much later and is not part of the original print.

Samuel de Champlain; later digital colorization uploaded by Pierre5018; Voyages de Champlain; reproduction through Project Gutenberg and Wikimedia Commons · Public domain original; derivative colorization released to public domain on Commons

04 / 1663 — Women build a settler society

The arrival of the Filles du roi

Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale · 1927

Library and Archives Canada, MIKAN 2837379; reproduction via Gallica

Fortescue-Brickdale imagines the arrival of the women in 1927, more than two centuries afterward. The ceremonial gathering belongs to later historical memory and cannot establish how every arrival, marriage or personal experience unfolded.

Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale; Library and Archives Canada, MIKAN 2837379; reproduction via Gallica · Public domain: author died 1945; work published 1927 (Commons PD-old-80-expired and PD-US-expired)

05 / 1682 — Louisiana: a claim larger than control

La Salle claiming Louisiana for France

George Catlin · 1847–1848

National Gallery of Art, Paul Mellon Collection, 1965.16.336

Catlin painted the ceremony in the nineteenth century. His arrangement of European and Indigenous figures interprets a colonial claim; it is not eyewitness evidence of universal consent, territorial ownership or the reach of French authority.

George Catlin; National Gallery of Art, Paul Mellon Collection, 1965.16.336 · CC0 1.0 (National Gallery of Art digital image)

06 / 1701 — Diplomats make the Great Peace

Copy of the Great Peace treaty

Secretary of Louis-Hector de Callière and another hand for the pictograms · 1701 document; modern composite reproduction

Treaty copy reproduced in La Grande Paix, Chronique d’une saga diplomatique (2001)

This is a composite scan of a copy of the treaty, not a photograph of the negotiations. Its written clauses and pictographic marks document different diplomatic practices. The source identifies a secretary and another hand for the pictograms, rather than attributing every mark directly to its named leader.

Secretary of Louis-Hector de Callière and another hand for the pictograms; Treaty copy reproduced in La Grande Paix, Chronique d’une saga diplomatique (2001) · Public domain: eighteenth-century manuscript, Commons PD-old-100-expired

07 / 1759 — Québec under siege

The Death of General Wolfe

Benjamin West · 1770

National Gallery of Canada

West’s painting turns Wolfe’s death into a carefully staged heroic scene. Painted eleven years after the battle, it is an interpretation of British victory rather than a reliable group portrait of those actually at the deathbed or a balanced account of the siege.

Benjamin West; National Gallery of Canada · Public domain: West died 1820; PD-Art reproduction of an expired work

08 / 1763 — An imperial settlement, enduring peoples

North America after the Treaty of Paris

Emanuel Bowen and John Gibson; published by Robert Sayer · 1772

Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G3300 1763 .B61

This 1772 map describes European dominions with reference to the 1763 peace. Its colored territories express imperial cartography rather than a complete account of Indigenous sovereignty or effective occupation. It was produced after the treaty and should not be read as a modern political map.

Emanuel Bowen and John Gibson; published by Robert Sayer; Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G3300 1763 .B61 · Public domain: eighteenth-century map; Commons PD-old-100/PD-Art

01 / 1226 — A child inherits the crown

Blanche of Castile and Louis IX; manuscript production

Anonymous Parisian illuminators · Circa 1220–1230 (Commons catalogue dating)

The Morgan Library & Museum, M.240

The dedication image of a moralized Bible pairs the queen and king above scenes of book production. It belongs to the visual culture of the young reign, but does not depict the coronation. Dating varies between catalogues; the range here follows the reviewed Commons record.

Anonymous Parisian illuminators; The Morgan Library & Museum, M.240 · Public domain: medieval illumination; PD-Art photographic reproduction

02 / 1239 — The Crown of Thorns reaches Paris

Louis IX receives the Passion relics

Anonymous illuminator, Chroniques de Saint-Denis · After 1332, before 1350

British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 395

This fourteenth-century miniature gathers the Crown of Thorns, cross and other relics in a single reception scene. It was made after Louis’s death and compresses acquisitions made at different dates. It is a later devotional history rather than eyewitness evidence of the 1239 procession.

Anonymous illuminator, Chroniques de Saint-Denis; British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 395 · Public domain: fourteenth-century illumination; Commons PD-old

03 / 1242 — Religious authority becomes persecution

Marguerite of Provence undertakes to respect Louis IX’s will

Royal chancery; act of Marguerite of Provence · 1242

Archives nationales, AE/II/239 (J//403/3)

This royal document from 1242 concerns Marguerite’s undertaking to honor Louis’s testament. It illustrates the machinery and material authority of the royal court, not the condemnation of the Talmud. It is not a confiscation order, a Jewish manuscript or an image of the burning.

Royal chancery; act of Marguerite of Provence; Archives nationales, AE/II/239 (J//403/3) · Public domain: thirteenth-century document; Commons PD-old-100

04 / 1248 — A chapel made of light

Stained-glass interior of the Sainte-Chapelle

GruntXIII · 12 February 2018

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris; photograph published on Wikimedia Commons

A modern photograph shows the surviving chapel and its restored decoration. The building preserves substantial medieval fabric, but its present appearance also reflects later conservation. This image is architectural context, not a view made at the dedication in 1248.

GruntXIII; Sainte-Chapelle, Paris; photograph published on Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

05 / 1250 — The crusader king becomes a prisoner

Saint Louis as a prisoner

Félix Auvray; photograph uploaded by Hypocauste · 1824

On deposit at Saint-Maurice Cathedral, Angers

Auvray’s nineteenth-century religious painting interprets the king’s captivity through the later cult of Saint Louis. It does not document the Egyptian prison, the negotiations or the appearance of those involved. Its emphasis on royal suffering should be distinguished from the history of the invasion.

Félix Auvray; photograph uploaded by Hypocauste; On deposit at Saint-Maurice Cathedral, Angers · Public domain: Félix Auvray died 1833; Commons PD-old reproduction

06 / 1254 — Reforming the king’s government

Saint Louis dispensing justice beneath an oak

Louis Matout · 1864

Petit Palais, Paris Musées, PPD4001

Matout’s drawing presents the familiar later image of the accessible king dispensing justice under an oak. It illustrates the memory of Louis’s judicial reputation, not a documented hearing in 1254 or the drafting of the ordinance.

Louis Matout; Petit Palais, Paris Musées, PPD4001 · CC0 1.0 (Paris Musées digital reproduction)

07 / 1259 — Peace with the English king

Henry III’s ratification of the Treaty of Paris

Chancery of Henry III of England · 1259

Archives nationales, AE/III/3 (J629/8)

The Archives nationales record identifies this French-language act as Henry III’s ratification at London on 13 October 1259, with his seal in green wax. It is a surviving diplomatic instrument, not a picture of both kings signing together.

Chancery of Henry III of England; Archives nationales, AE/III/3 (J629/8) · Public domain: thirteenth-century parchment; Commons PD-old-100

08 / 1270 — Death before Tunis

The death of Saint Louis

Auguste Jean-Baptiste Leloir · 1884

Petit Palais, Paris Musées, PPP3781

Leloir’s painting dates from 1884 and frames the king’s death as a devotional scene. It reflects the long afterlife of Saint Louis in French religious art, not direct observation of the camp at Tunis in 1270.

Auguste Jean-Baptiste Leloir; Petit Palais, Paris Musées, PPP3781 · CC0 1.0 (Paris Musées digital reproduction); public-domain original

01 / 1793 — The Louvre opens to the public

A proposed arrangement of the Louvre’s Grande Galerie

Hubert Robert · 1796

Musée du Louvre

Robert painted this proposed gallery arrangement in 1796. It evokes the early museum’s ambitions, rather than recording the opening day in 1793.

Hubert Robert; photographic reproduction by MOSSOT · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

02 / 1795 — A museum rescues monuments

The introductory room of the Musée des Monuments français

Jean-Lubin Vauzelle · 1804

Musée Carnavalet, Paris

Vauzelle’s 1804 painting records a room in Lenoir’s museum after its creation. It shows the presentation of rescued monuments, not the opening ceremony.

Jean-Lubin Vauzelle; photographic reproduction by HaguardDuNord · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

03 / 1801 — Collections travel beyond Paris

Portrait of Count Jean-Antoine Chaptal

Antoine-Jean Gros · 1824

Cleveland Museum of Art, 1964.54

This portrait was painted in 1824, more than twenty years after Chaptal’s museum initiative. It identifies the minister associated with the policy; it does not depict a transfer of artworks.

Antoine-Jean Gros; Cleveland Museum of Art, CC0 · CC0 1.0 Universal

04 / 1843 — The Middle Ages gain a home

The Hôtel de Cluny

Arnaud 25 · 2008

Wikimedia Commons; photographed at the Musée de Cluny, Paris

This modern photograph shows the historic building that became a museum in 1843. Its surroundings and visitor arrangements are not evidence of the museum’s original appearance.

Arnaud 25; released into the public domain by the photographer · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

05 / 1889 — Guimet brings Asia into focus

The Musée Guimet in Paris

Benoît Prieur · 20 January 2020

Wikimedia Commons; Musée Guimet exterior

The photograph shows the Paris museum in 2020. It locates Guimet’s institution but is not an image of its 1889 inauguration or its original galleries.

Benoît Prieur; perspective correction by Paris 16; CC0 · CC0 1.0 Universal

06 / 1902 — A world’s fair palace becomes a museum

The Grand Palais and Petit Palais at the 1900 fair

Unknown photographer; photochrom print published by Photoglob Zürich · 1900

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, ppmsc.05223

This 1900 photochrom shows the exposition setting two years before the Petit Palais became a permanent municipal museum. It documents the building’s earlier purpose.

Unknown photographer / Photoglob Zürich; Library of Congress, ppmsc.05223 · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

07 / 1927 — Monet surrounds the visitor

The Water Lilies: Morning

Claude Monet · 1914–1926

Musée de l’Orangerie, INV 20101

This is Morning, one of the compositions in the Orangerie’s Water Lilies ensemble. It reproduces the painting itself rather than the installation ceremony or the surrounding room.

Claude Monet; Musée de l’Orangerie; Google Art Project reproduction · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

08 / 1986 — A railway station becomes Orsay

The main hall of the Musée d’Orsay

Daniel Lu (dllu) · 21 February 2023

Wikimedia Commons; photographed at the Musée d’Orsay

This photograph was taken in 2023. The preserved station hall illustrates Orsay’s architectural reuse; the display shown should not be mistaken for the museum’s 1986 installation.

Daniel Lu (dllu), CC BY-SA 4.0; displayed responsively · CC BY-SA 4.0

01 / 1940 — A network forms at the Musée de l’Homme

Portrait of Boris Vildé

Unknown photographer · 1930s

Musée Boris Vildé; reproduction on Wikimedia Commons

This prewar portrait identifies Boris Vildé, one of the network’s organizers. It does not document a clandestine meeting or show the full group of participants.

Unknown photographer; source: Musée Boris Vildé; Commons identifies the image as anonymous and public domain · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

02 / 1941 — A newspaper becomes an organization

Défense de la France, 20 September 1944

Anonymous publisher · 20 September 1944

Musée de la Libération de Paris – musée du Général Leclerc – musée Jean Moulin, 2002.801

This is a September 1944 issue published after the liberation of Paris, not the first clandestine issue of 1941. It traces the later life of the same newspaper.

Anonymous publisher; Paris Musées / Musée de la Libération de Paris, CC0 · CC0 1.0 Universal

03 / 1942 — The cost of clandestine action

The execution clearing at Mont-Valérien

Celette · 14 September 2018

Wikimedia Commons; Mont-Valérien, Suresnes

The clearing is photographed in 2018 as a place of memory. The image locates the execution site; it is not a wartime photograph of the victims or their execution.

Celette, CC BY-SA 4.0; displayed responsively · CC BY-SA 4.0

04 / 1943 — Three movements join forces

Portrait of Henri Frenay

Maurice Frink; restoration by Christoph Braun · 1941–1944

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, ppmsca.13371

This wartime portrait shows Henri Frenay, leader of Combat and a participant in the unification. The photograph is not a record of the MUR agreement.

Maurice Frink / U.S. Army; restored by Christoph Braun; Library of Congress, ppmsca.13371 · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

05 / 1943 — Forced labor swells the maquis

Members of the French maquis

Archives Branch, USMC History Division (credited source; individual photographer unidentified) · 7 August 1944

Archives Branch, USMC History Division, Flickr 49398636668

The source dates this photograph to August 1944. It illustrates the armed maquis at a later stage; it does not identify these particular fighters as 1943 STO evaders.

Archives Branch, USMC History Division, CC BY 2.0; displayed responsively · CC BY 2.0

06 / 1943 — A national council meets in secret

Commemorative plaque at 48 rue du Four

Celette · 11 November 2018

Wikimedia Commons; 48 rue du Four, Paris

A modern photograph of the plaque commemorating the CNR’s first meeting identifies its Paris address. It is evidence of remembrance, not a photograph of the clandestine participants.

Celette; perspective correction by Paris 16 and lighting adjustment by Polymagou; CC BY-SA 4.0; displayed responsively · CC BY-SA 4.0

07 / 1944 — Planning the France after liberation

Members of the CNR around Georges Bidault

Agence Presse Libération F.F.I.; anonymous photographer · September 1944

Musée Carnavalet, Paris, PH34491

The CNR members are photographed after the liberation of Paris in 1944. This public group portrait is not an image of the secret adoption of the March program.

Agence Presse Libération F.F.I.; anonymous photographer; Paris Musées / Musée Carnavalet, CC0 · CC0 1.0 Universal

08 / 1944 — The underground enters the streets

Resistance fighters in liberated Paris

Unknown photographer; Signal Corps Archive · 25 August 1944

Signal Corps Archive, SC 192995-S

The archive identifies these people as maquis members watching surrendered German soldiers in Paris on 25 August 1944. The photograph belongs to the liberation itself, after the insurrection had begun.

Unknown photographer; Signal Corps Archive, SC 192995-S; Public Domain Mark as reviewed on Commons · Public domain (per Wikimedia Commons source record)

01 / 1916 — 21 February: the guns begin

Bombarded buildings beside the Meuse, Verdun

Unidentified artist or photographer · 1914–1916 (postcard series; Commons lists 1914)

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This photograph shows an aspect of 21 february: the guns begin. The Commons record dates this wartime postcard to 1914; it illustrates destruction in Verdun and is not identified as a photograph of 21 February 1916.

Unidentified artist or photographer; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

02 / 1916 — 25 February: Douaumont falls

Fort Douaumont in early 1916

"Photographisches Bild- und Film-Amt" · 1916

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This photograph shows an aspect of 25 february: douaumont falls. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

"Photographisches Bild- und Film-Amt"; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1916 — A supply road keeps Verdun fighting

French reserves and supplies brought to Verdun

Unidentified wartime illustrator · 1916 illustration

Der Krieg 1914/19 in Wort und Bild; Wikimedia Commons

A 1916 illustration of motor transport, conveying the logistics of Verdun without providing a precise traffic count.

Unidentified wartime illustrator · Der Krieg 1914/19 in Wort und Bild; Wikimedia Commons; reuse terms on source record · Check the individual Commons source record

Rights. Verify the individual image license, creator and attribution at the linked Commons page before distributing local copies.

Resolution. Remote fallback; source pixels and image composition have not been visually verified.

04 / 1916 — March: the fight crosses the Meuse

Fighting at Hill 304

Martin Frost · 1916

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets march: the fight crosses the meuse. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Martin Frost; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1916 — 22 May: an attempt to retake the fort

The 22 May attack on Douaumont

Unknown author · 1916

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This historical document records an aspect of 22 may: an attempt to retake the fort. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unknown author; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

06 / 1916 — 7 June: Vaux surrenders

A defender at Fort Vaux, June 1916

Archives départementales de l'Ardèche · 1916

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This photograph shows an aspect of 7 june: vaux surrenders. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Archives départementales de l'Ardèche; CC BY-SA 3.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

07 / 1916 — July: the offensive reaches its limit

Trenches near Fort Souville

Bjoertvedt · 2015

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for july: the offensive reaches its limit. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Bjoertvedt; CC BY-SA 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

08 / 1916 — 24 October: Douaumont retaken

The recapture of Douaumont

Henri-Georges Chartier · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets 24 october: douaumont retaken. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Henri-Georges Chartier; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

09 / 1916 — December: an end to the offensive

French artillery at Verdun, 1916

Henri Antoine · 1916

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for december: an end to the offensive. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Henri Antoine; CC BY-SA 3.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

01 / 1805 — Austerlitz breaks the coalition

The Battle of Austerlitz, by François Gérard

François Gérard · 1810

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets austerlitz breaks the coalition. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

François Gérard; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

02 / 1806 — Prussia loses at Jena and Auerstedt

The Battle of Jena, by Horace Vernet

Horace Vernet · 1836

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets prussia loses at jena and auerstedt. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Horace Vernet; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1807 — Tilsit redraws an uneasy map

The emperors part at Tilsit

Gioacchino Giuseppe Serangeli · 1810

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets tilsit redraws an uneasy map. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Gioacchino Giuseppe Serangeli; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

04 / 1808 — Spain becomes a prolonged war

The Second of May 1808, by Francisco Goya

Francisco Goya · 1814

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets spain becomes a prolonged war. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Francisco Goya; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1809 — Wagram and another imposed peace

Napoleon at Wagram

Horace Vernet · 1836

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets wagram and another imposed peace. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Horace Vernet; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

06 / 1812 — Russia changes the scale of loss

The retreat from Russia, by Adam Albrecht

user:shakko · 1830 painting; 2012 photograph

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets russia changes the scale of loss. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

user:shakko; CC BY-SA 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

07 / 1813 — Leipzig breaks French control

Victory announced after Leipzig

Johann Peter Krafft · 1839

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets leipzig breaks french control. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Johann Peter Krafft; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

08 / 1815 — Vienna seeks a durable settlement

The Congress of Vienna, by Jean-Baptiste Isabey

After Jean-Baptiste Isabey · 19th-century engraving after Isabey

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets vienna seeks a durable settlement. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

After Jean-Baptiste Isabey; CC BY-SA 3.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

01 / 1848 — 22 February: the banquets end

An attack on a Paris barricade in 1848

Millais, John Everett (1829-1896) · 1848

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets 22 february: the banquets end. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Millais, John Everett (1829-1896); Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

02 / 1848 — 24 February: the monarchy falls

Lamartine rejects the red flag

Unidentified artist or photographer · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets 24 february: the monarchy falls. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Unidentified artist or photographer; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

03 / 1848 — 5 March: male suffrage proclaimed

Lithograph celebrating universal male suffrage

Frédéric Sorrieu · 1850

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of 5 march: male suffrage proclaimed. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Frédéric Sorrieu; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

04 / 1848 — 23 April: the country votes

The newly elected National Assembly meets, 4 May 1848

Unidentified artist or photographer · 1848

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of 23 april: the country votes. The assembly pictured met in May, after the April election.

Unidentified artist or photographer; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1848 — 27 April: slavery abolished again

The decree abolishing slavery in French colonies

Archives nationales (France) · 1848

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This historical document records an aspect of 27 april: slavery abolished again. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Archives nationales (France); Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

06 / 1848 — June: workers fight for the Republic

The fighting near the Panthéon in June 1848

anonymous · 1849

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets june: workers fight for the republic. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

anonymous; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

07 / 1848 — 4 November: a constitution adopted

The 1848 Constitution, first page

Unidentified artist or photographer · 1848

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This historical document records an aspect of 4 november: a constitution adopted. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unidentified artist or photographer; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

08 / 1848 — 10 December: Louis-Napoléon elected

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed president

Farcy, Alphonse (1817-18..?). Illustrateur · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This historical document records an aspect of 10 december: louis-napoléon elected. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Farcy, Alphonse (1817-18..?). Illustrateur; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

01 / 1851 — The coup breaks the constitution

Proclamations of the coup printed under military guard

Burgun · 1880

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets the coup breaks the constitution. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Burgun; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

02 / 1852 — The empire is proclaimed

Portrait of Napoleon III, by Adolphe Yvon

Adolphe Yvon · 1868

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets the empire is proclaimed. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Adolphe Yvon; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1855 — An exhibition displays industrial ambition

Inside the Palace of Industry, 1855

Anonyme, photographe · 1855

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of an exhibition displays industrial ambition. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Anonyme, photographe; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

04 / 1859 — War in Italy changes alliances

The Battle of Solferino, by Carlo Bossoli

Carlo Bossoli · 1859

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets war in italy changes alliances. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Carlo Bossoli; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1860 — Nice and Savoy join France

Medal commemorating the annexation of Savoy and Nice

Oudiné, Eugène-André (Paris, 01–01–1810 - Paris, 12–04–1887), graveur en médailles - Médailleur · 1860

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of nice and savoy join france. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Oudiné, Eugène-André (Paris, 01–01–1810 - Paris, 12–04–1887), graveur en médailles - Médailleur; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

06 / 1864 — Workers gain a limited right to strike

Inside the foundry at Le Creusot, c. 1864

Ignace-François Bonhommé · c. 1864

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of workers gain a limited right to strike. The factory scene dates to around 1864; it does not depict the law’s passage or a strike.

Ignace-François Bonhommé; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

07 / 1869 — Parliament asks for a voice

The Legislative Body meets in 1862

Godefroy Durand · 1862 engraving; uploaded 2013

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of parliament asks for a voice. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Godefroy Durand; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

08 / 1870 — Sedan ends the regime

Napoleon III and Bismarck after Sedan

Wilhelm Camphausen · 1877

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets sedan ends the regime. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Wilhelm Camphausen; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

01 / 1855 — An imperial showcase opens

Palace of Industry at the 1855 exhibition

Anonyme, dessinateur-lithographe · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of an imperial showcase opens. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Anonyme, dessinateur-lithographe; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

02 / 1867 — The Champ de Mars becomes a world stage

Bird’s-eye view of the 1867 exhibition

Eugène Ciceri / Philippe Benoist · 1867

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of the champ de mars becomes a world stage. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Eugène Ciceri / Philippe Benoist; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1878 — The republic shows recovery

The Palais du Trocadéro at the 1878 exhibition

Unknown author · 1878

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of the republic shows recovery. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unknown author; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

04 / 1889 — The Eiffel Tower changes the skyline

The Eiffel Tower under construction in 1888

Louis-Emile Durandelle · 1888

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This photograph shows an aspect of the eiffel tower changes the skyline. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Louis-Emile Durandelle; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1900 — Electricity lights the new century

The Palace of Electricity at the 1900 exhibition

Larger, Louis, photographe · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This photograph shows an aspect of electricity lights the new century. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Larger, Louis, photographe; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

06 / 1925 — Modern decorative arts take the stage

The Galeries Lafayette pavilion at the 1925 exhibition

Unknown author · 1925

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This photograph shows an aspect of modern decorative arts take the stage. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unknown author; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

07 / 1931 — Colonial power stages a spectacle

Propaganda poster for the 1931 colonial exhibition

Unknown author · 1931

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This historical document records an aspect of colonial power stages a spectacle. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unknown author; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

08 / 1937 — Technology and tension face each other

The Siam pavilion at the 1937 exhibition

Unidentified artist or photographer · 1937

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This photograph shows an aspect of technology and tension face each other. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unidentified artist or photographer; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

01 / 1720 — The plague reaches Marseille

The Marseille plague, painted by Michel Serre

Michel Serre · 1721

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of the plague reaches marseille. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Michel Serre; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

02 / 1832 — Cholera exposes unequal Paris

Satirical print of cholera in 1832

Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville · 1836

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of cholera exposes unequal paris. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1878 — Pasteur studies protection through microbes

Portrait of Louis Pasteur in his laboratory

Unidentified artist or photographer · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for pasteur studies protection through microbes. This portrait was made later than the 1878 experiments.

Unidentified artist or photographer; CC BY 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0

04 / 1885 — A rabies treatment reaches a child

Portrait of Joseph Meister

Unknown author · c. 1885

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for a rabies treatment reaches a child. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unknown author; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1888 — The Institut Pasteur opens

Early view of the Institut Pasteur buildings

Agence Rol · 1913

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for the institut pasteur opens. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Agence Rol; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

06 / 1894 — Yersin identifies the plague bacillus

Portrait of Alexandre Yersin

Unidentified artist or photographer · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for yersin identifies the plague bacillus. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unidentified artist or photographer; CC BY 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0

07 / 1921 — BCG begins its human use

Portrait of Albert Calmette

Unidentified artist or photographer · c. 1923

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for bcg begins its human use. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unidentified artist or photographer; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

08 / 1983 — A team identifies the AIDS virus

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi at a 2008 press conference

Prolineserver ( talk ) · 2008

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This related image provides context for a team identifies the aids virus. This photograph dates from 2008, long after the 1983 discovery.

Prolineserver ( talk ); GFDL 1.2; Wikimedia Commons · GFDL 1.2

01 / 1870 — September: Paris is encircled

Civil unrest in besieged Paris

Unidentified artist or photographer · Date not supplied in source record

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of september: paris is encircled. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unidentified artist or photographer; CC BY 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0

02 / 1870 — Balloon mail crosses the lines

Balloon mail during the siege of Paris

Auguste Jahandier / Joseph Smeeton / Louis Figuier · 19th-century engraving; digitized 2015

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets balloon mail crosses the lines. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Auguste Jahandier / Joseph Smeeton / Louis Figuier; CC BY-SA 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

03 / 1870 — October: a revolt confronts the government

The Hôtel de Ville confrontation of 31 October 1870

Jean-Baptiste Noro · 1889

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets october: a revolt confronts the government. Painted in 1889, it interprets the 31 October 1870 confrontation.

Jean-Baptiste Noro; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

04 / 1870 — Champigny tests a breakout

The Battle of Champigny, by Édouard Detaille

Édouard Detaille · 1879

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This later depiction interprets champigny tests a breakout. It is an interpretation rather than an eyewitness photograph.

Édouard Detaille; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1870 — Winter makes hunger visible

Bread rationing during the siege

Félon, Joseph (Bordeaux, 21–08–1818 - Nice, entre 1896 et 1897), dessinateur-lithographe · c. 1870

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This historical document records an aspect of winter makes hunger visible. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Félon, Joseph (Bordeaux, 21–08–1818 - Nice, entre 1896 et 1897), dessinateur-lithographe; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

06 / 1871 — January: shells reach the city

The bombardment of Paris

Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress · 1871

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of january: shells reach the city. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

07 / 1871 — 22 January: anger turns inward

The 22 January 1871 confrontation at the Hôtel de Ville

Unknown author · 1871

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of 22 january: anger turns inward. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Unknown author; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

08 / 1871 — 28 January: the armistice

Medal commemorating the armistice of 28 January 1871

Anonyme, graveur en médailles - Médailleur · 1871

Wikimedia Commons (see artwork source record for originating collection)

This period image presents an aspect of 28 january: the armistice. It does not show every part of the event or every person affected.

Anonyme, graveur en médailles - Médailleur; CC0; Wikimedia Commons · CC0

01 / 1373 — Jean de Vienne reorganizes a royal fleet

Posthumous portrait of Admiral Jean de Vienne

TimeTravelRome · Later historical portrait; photographed 2021

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This later image interprets jean de vienne reorganizes a royal fleet. It is a later interpretation, not a photograph of the event.

TimeTravelRome; CC BY 2.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0

02 / 1626 — Richelieu creates a permanent naval policy

Richelieu, painted by Philippe de Champaigne

Philippe de Champaigne · c. 1639

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This later image interprets richelieu creates a permanent naval policy. It is a later interpretation, not a photograph of the event.

Philippe de Champaigne; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1669 — Colbert builds the naval administration

Shipbuilding at the Arsenal of Toulon in 1670

Unknown author · 1670

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This period image relates to colbert builds the naval administration. It cannot show every participant or consequence of the event.

Unknown author; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

04 / 1781 — De Grasse holds the Chesapeake

Naval battle off the Virginia Capes, 1781

V. Zveg (US Navy employee) · Date not supplied by source

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This later image interprets de grasse holds the chesapeake. It is a later interpretation, not a photograph of the event.

V. Zveg (US Navy employee); Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

05 / 1805 — Trafalgar limits Napoleon’s ambitions

The Battle of Trafalgar, by J. M. W. Turner

J. M. W. Turner · 1822

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This later image interprets trafalgar limits napoleon’s ambitions. It is a later interpretation, not a photograph of the event.

J. M. W. Turner; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

06 / 1859 — La Gloire launches an ironclad age

The ironclad frigate La Gloire

Unidentified artist or photographer · Date not supplied by source

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This photograph relates to la gloire launches an ironclad age. It cannot show every participant or consequence of the event.

Unidentified artist or photographer; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

07 / 1914 — Sailors fight on land at Dixmude

Fusiliers-marins associated with Dixmude

Garitan · 1915

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This period image relates to sailors fight on land at dixmude. It cannot show every participant or consequence of the event.

Garitan; CC BY-SA 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

08 / 1940 — A divided fleet after the armistice

The battleship Dunkerque under fire at Mers el-Kébir

Unknown author · 1940

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This photograph relates to a divided fleet after the armistice. It cannot show every participant or consequence of the event.

Unknown author; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

09 / 1942 — The fleet is scuttled at Toulon

The French fleet scuttled at Toulon in 1942

Royal Air Force · 1942

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This photograph relates to the fleet is scuttled at toulon. It cannot show every participant or consequence of the event.

Royal Air Force; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

10 / 1972 — Le Redoutable enters deterrent patrols

Le Redoutable preserved at Cherbourg

Raimond Spekking · 2021

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

The submarine is shown as a museum ship after its operational service; this later photograph does not depict a 1972 deterrent patrol.

Raimond Spekking; CC BY-SA 4.0; Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

11 / 2001 — Charles de Gaulle deploys an air wing

Charles de Gaulle and USS Enterprise at sea

U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate Airman Doug Pearlman. · 2001

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

A later photograph of Charles de Gaulle with an allied carrier illustrates naval cooperation, not its first 2001 deployment.

U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate Airman Doug Pearlman.; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

12 / 2025 — A navy operating across oceans

French and allied carrier groups in the Pacific, 2025

U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 2nd Class Leon Vonguyen · 2025

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This recent or contextual image illustrates a present-day mission; the source record supplies its actual photograph date and maker.

U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 2nd Class Leon Vonguyen; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

01 / 1831 — A force created for conquest in Algeria

The Legion and Indigenous tirailleurs in an 1843 illustration

Léon Galibert - 1843 · 1843 illustration; digital scan 2015

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This 1843 illustration shows the Legion and Indigenous tirailleurs in colonial Algeria. It was made after the 1831 founding and reflects a colonial perspective.

Léon Galibert - 1843; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

02 / 1863 — Camerone becomes a founding memory

The Battle of Camerone, by Jean-Adolphe Beaucé

Jean-Adolphe Beaucé · Date not supplied by source

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This later image interprets camerone becomes a founding memory. It is a later interpretation, not a photograph of the event.

Jean-Adolphe Beaucé; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain

03 / 1914 — Volunteers enter the Great War

The Foreign Legion in a First World War photograph

The Library of Congress · Date not supplied by source

Wikimedia Commons (see original record for holding institution)

This photograph relates to volunteers enter the great war. It cannot show every participant or consequence of the event.

The Library of Congress; Public domain; Wikimedia Commons · Public domain