[ { "id": "making-france", "title": "How France Became France", "title_fr": "Comment la France est devenue la France", "dek": "A kingdom assembled through inheritance, diplomacy and war.", "dek_fr": "Un royaume façonné par les héritages, la diplomatie et la guerre.", "accent": "Territory", "steps": [ { "y": 843, "t": "Verdun: a western kingdom", "t_fr": "Verdun : un royaume occidental", "body": "Charlemagne’s grandsons divide the Carolingian Empire. Charles the Bald receives West Francia, one of the historical foundations of the kingdom of France.", "body_fr": "Les petits-fils de Charlemagne partagent l’Empire carolingien. Charles le Chauve reçoit la Francie occidentale, l’un des fondements historiques du royaume de France.", "originalTitle": "Treaty of Verdun creates West Francia", "originalIndex": 1, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun", "id": "making-france-01", "commonsFile": "Bibliothèque nationale de France - Bible de Vivien Ms. Latin 1 folio 423r détail Le comte Vivien offre le manuscrit de la Bible faite à l'abbaye de Saint-Martin de Tours à Charles le Chauve.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The presentation of the Vivian Bible to Charles the Bald", "artworkTitle_fr": "Présentation de la Bible de Vivien à Charles le Chauve", "artist": "Anonymous illuminators, Saint-Martin of Tours", "artworkDate": "Mid-9th century", "artworkDate_fr": "Milieu du IXe siècle", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Latin 1, fol. 423r", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous illuminators, Saint-Martin of Tours", "depiction": "context", "relation": "This Carolingian illumination shows Charles the Bald receiving a Bible from Count Vivian and the monks of Tours. Charles received the western kingdom in the partition of 843. The image is close to his lifetime, but it depicts a manuscript presentation—not the signing of the Treaty of Verdun.", "relation_fr": "Cette enluminure carolingienne montre Charles le Chauve recevant une Bible du comte Vivien et des moines de Tours. Charles reçoit le royaume occidental lors du partage de 843. L’image est proche de son époque, mais représente la présentation d’un manuscrit, et non la signature du traité de Verdun.", "focal": [ 50, 40 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 35 ], "sourceWidth": 2068, "sourceHeight": 2462, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg/960px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg/1280px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg/1920px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8455903b/f853.item", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/01.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/01-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/01-large.webp" }, { "y": 987, "t": "Hugh Capet becomes king", "t_fr": "Hugues Capet devient roi", "body": "The election of Hugh Capet opens a new royal dynasty. From a limited domain around Paris, the Capetians and their descendants gradually extend the crown’s authority.", "body_fr": "L’élection d’Hugues Capet ouvre une nouvelle dynastie royale. À partir d’un domaine limité autour de Paris, les Capétiens et leurs descendants étendent progressivement l’autorité de la couronne.", "originalTitle": "Hugh Capet founds the Capetian dynasty", "originalIndex": 2, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Capet", "id": "making-france-02", "commonsFile": "Sacre Hugues Capet.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The coronation of Hugh Capet", "artworkTitle_fr": "Le sacre d’Hugues Capet", "artist": "Anonymous illuminator", "artworkDate": "14th century", "artworkDate_fr": "XIVe siècle", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2615, fol. 148v", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous illuminator", "depiction": "later", "relation": "A miniature in the Grandes Chroniques de France represents Hugh Capet’s coronation. It was made centuries after 987: the ceremonial setting reflects a later medieval understanding of the beginning of Capetian kingship, not an eyewitness record.", "relation_fr": "Une miniature des Grandes Chroniques de France représente le couronnement d’Hugues Capet. Réalisée plusieurs siècles après 987, elle traduit la mémoire médiévale de la fondation capétienne, et non le témoignage d’un spectateur de la cérémonie.", "focal": [ 50, 22 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 20 ], "sourceWidth": 3824, "sourceHeight": 5290, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg/960px-Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg/1280px-Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg/1920px-Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55013869k/f302", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/02.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/02-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/02-large.webp" }, { "y": 1204, "t": "Normandy joins the royal domain", "t_fr": "La Normandie rejoint le domaine royal", "body": "Philip II conquers continental Normandy from King John of England. The fall of Château Gaillard and Rouen marks a decisive expansion of royal power.", "body_fr": "Philippe Auguste conquiert la Normandie continentale sur Jean sans Terre. La chute de Château-Gaillard puis de Rouen marque une extension décisive du pouvoir royal.", "originalTitle": "Philip II annexes Normandy", "originalIndex": 3, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France", "id": "making-france-03", "commonsFile": "TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Les bouches inutiles", "artworkTitle_fr": "Les bouches inutiles", "artist": "Francis Tattegrain", "artworkDate": "1886", "artworkDate_fr": "1886", "collection": "Musée Lombart, Doullens", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Francis Tattegrain; reproduction credited to Didier Rykner in the source record", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Tattegrain depicts civilians expelled from Château-Gaillard during the siege of 1203–1204. Their plight places the human cost of Philip II’s conquest of Normandy in the foreground. This is a 19th-century historical interpretation, not a medieval witness image.", "relation_fr": "Tattegrain représente les civils expulsés de Château-Gaillard pendant le siège de 1203–1204. Leur sort met au premier plan le coût humain de la conquête de la Normandie par Philippe II. Il s’agit d’une interprétation historique du XIXe siècle, et non d’une image médiévale.", "focal": [ 52, 48 ], "focalMobile": [ 60, 42 ], "sourceWidth": 2000, "sourceHeight": 1338, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg/960px-TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg/1280px-TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg/1920px-TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/making-france/03.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/03-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/03-large.webp" }, { "y": 1271, "t": "The inheritance of Toulouse", "t_fr": "L’héritage de Toulouse", "body": "Alphonse of Poitiers and Joan of Toulouse die without heirs. Their inheritance brings most of the county of Toulouse into the royal domain, after decades of growing royal influence.", "body_fr": "Alphonse de Poitiers et Jeanne de Toulouse meurent sans héritier. Leur succession rattache l’essentiel du comté de Toulouse au domaine royal, après des décennies d’influence royale croissante.", "originalTitle": "Escheats to the crown", "originalIndex": 4, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Toulouse", "id": "making-france-04", "commonsFile": "Alphonse de Poitiers 01.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Alphonse of Poitiers swears to respect the customs of Agen", "artworkTitle_fr": "Alphonse de Poitiers jure de respecter les coutumes d’Agen", "artist": "Anonymous illuminator", "artworkDate": "13th century", "artworkDate_fr": "XIIIe siècle", "collection": "Livre des statuts et coutumes de la ville d’Agen; image supplied by Archives départementales de Lot-et-Garonne", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alphonse_de_Poitiers_01.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous illuminator", "depiction": "context", "relation": "The count takes an oath before the consuls of Agen. Alphonse and his wife Jeanne held Toulouse; their deaths without an heir in 1271 brought their lands to the royal domain. This miniature illustrates the count’s exercise of authority, not the subsequent transfer of the inheritance.", "relation_fr": "Le comte prête serment devant les consuls d’Agen. Alphonse et son épouse Jeanne détenaient Toulouse ; leur mort sans héritier en 1271 fait revenir leurs terres au domaine royal. Cette miniature illustre l’autorité comtale, et non le transfert ultérieur de la succession.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 600, "sourceHeight": 423, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Alphonse_de_Poitiers_01.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Alphonse_de_Poitiers_01.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Alphonse_de_Poitiers_01.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Alphonse_de_Poitiers_01.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Alphonse_de_Poitiers_01.jpg" }, "verificationNote": "Historically specific but the source file is only 600 × 423 px; no artificial upscaling is applied.", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/04.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/04-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/04-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée." }, { "y": 1453, "t": "Castillon: the English retreat", "t_fr": "Castillon : le recul anglais", "body": "French victory at Castillon is followed by the recovery of Bordeaux. The Hundred Years’ War ends in practice; England retains Calais on the French mainland.", "body_fr": "La victoire française à Castillon est suivie de la reprise de Bordeaux. La guerre de Cent Ans s’achève de fait ; l’Angleterre conserve Calais sur le continent.", "originalTitle": "The Hundred Years’ War ends", "originalIndex": 5, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon", "id": "making-france-05", "commonsFile": "Battle at Castillon-sur-Dordogne - BL Royal 20 C IX, f. 263.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Battle of Castillon-sur-Dordogne", "artworkTitle_fr": "La bataille de Castillon-sur-Dordogne", "artist": "Anonymous illuminator", "artworkDate": "Last quarter of the 15th century", "artworkDate_fr": "Dernier quart du XVe siècle", "collection": "British Library, Royal 20 C IX, fol. 263", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous illuminator", "depiction": "later", "relation": "This late-medieval manuscript miniature depicts Castillon, the decisive French victory of 1453. It was illuminated after the battle rather than drawn on the field. A different manuscript depiction is used for the same event in the Hundred Years’ War story.", "relation_fr": "Cette miniature de la fin du Moyen Âge représente Castillon, victoire française décisive de 1453. L’enluminure est postérieure à la bataille et n’a pas été dessinée sur le terrain. Un autre manuscrit illustre cet événement dans le récit de la guerre de Cent Ans.", "focal": [ 50, 43 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 43 ], "sourceWidth": 1500, "sourceHeight": 1348, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg/960px-Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg/1280px-Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/making-france/05.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/05-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/05-large.webp" }, { "y": 1481, "t": "Provence passes to Louis XI", "t_fr": "La Provence passe à Louis XI", "body": "Charles III of Provence dies and leaves his lands to Louis XI. The bequest draws Provence into the French crown’s orbit while its institutions retain distinct traditions.", "body_fr": "Charles III de Provence meurt et lègue ses terres à Louis XI. Ce legs rattache la Provence à la couronne de France, tout en laissant subsister des traditions institutionnelles propres.", "originalTitle": "Bequeathed to Louis XI", "originalIndex": 6, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Provence", "id": "making-france-06", "commonsFile": "Jean du Tillet - Louis XI - Recueil des rois de France.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Louis XI, from the Recueil des rois de France", "artworkTitle_fr": "Louis XI, dans le Recueil des rois de France", "artist": "Master of the Hours of Henri II", "artworkDate": "16th century", "artworkDate_fr": "XVIe siècle", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2848", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_du_Tillet_-_Louis_XI_-_Recueil_des_rois_de_France.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Master of the Hours of Henri II", "depiction": "context", "relation": "This later illuminated royal portrait represents Louis XI, who inherited Provence after Charles III’s death in 1481. It is a dynastic portrait from Jean du Tillet’s history of the French kings, not a depiction of the bequest or an authenticated life portrait.", "relation_fr": "Ce portrait royal enluminé, postérieur à son règne, représente Louis XI, héritier de la Provence à la mort de Charles III en 1481. Tiré du recueil de Jean du Tillet, il ne représente ni le legs lui-même, ni un portrait attesté d’après nature.", "focal": [ 50, 35 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 35 ], "sourceWidth": 733, "sourceHeight": 1024, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Jean_du_Tillet_-_Louis_XI_-_Recueil_des_rois_de_France.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Jean_du_Tillet_-_Louis_XI_-_Recueil_des_rois_de_France.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Jean_du_Tillet_-_Louis_XI_-_Recueil_des_rois_de_France.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Jean_du_Tillet_-_Louis_XI_-_Recueil_des_rois_de_France.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jean_du_Tillet_-_Louis_XI_-_Recueil_des_rois_de_France.jpg" }, "verificationNote": "The reviewed source file is 733 × 1024 px. No invented high-resolution detail is added.", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/06.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/06-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/06-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée." }, { "y": 1532, "t": "The union of Brittany", "t_fr": "L’union de la Bretagne", "body": "The Edict of Union formalizes Brittany’s attachment to France after decades of dynastic marriages. The province retains important privileges within the kingdom.", "body_fr": "L’édit d’Union officialise le rattachement de la Bretagne à la France après des décennies de mariages dynastiques. La province conserve d’importants privilèges dans le royaume.", "originalTitle": "Edict of Union with France", "originalIndex": 7, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany", "id": "making-france-07", "commonsFile": "Jean Clouet - Portrait of François I, King of France - WGA5081.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Portrait of Francis I, King of France", "artworkTitle_fr": "François Ier, roi de France", "artist": "Jean Clouet", "artworkDate": "1527–1530", "artworkDate_fr": "1527–1530", "collection": "Musée du Louvre, INV 3256", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_I,_King_of_France_-_WGA5081.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jean Clouet", "depiction": "context", "relation": "Clouet’s portrait introduces the king under whom Brittany’s union with the French crown was formalized in 1532. Painted near the time of the union, it is a portrait of the ruler—not an image of the Edict being signed.", "relation_fr": "Le portrait de Clouet présente le roi sous lequel l’union de la Bretagne à la couronne de France est formalisée en 1532. Proche de cet événement, l’œuvre est un portrait du souverain, et non une représentation de la signature de l’édit.", "focal": [ 50, 30 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 30 ], "sourceWidth": 805, "sourceHeight": 1026, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_I,_King_of_France_-_WGA5081.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_I,_King_of_France_-_WGA5081.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_I,_King_of_France_-_WGA5081.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_I,_King_of_France_-_WGA5081.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_I,_King_of_France_-_WGA5081.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010062204", "verificationNote": "This verified reproduction is 805 × 1026 px; source-limited resolution, not upscaled.", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/07.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/07-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/07-large.webp" }, { "y": 1648, "t": "Westphalia: a new balance", "t_fr": "Westphalie : un nouvel équilibre", "body": "The settlements ending the Thirty Years’ War strengthen France’s European position. They confirm its possession of the Three Bishoprics and transfer Habsburg rights in Alsace.", "body_fr": "Les accords mettant fin à la guerre de Trente Ans renforcent la position européenne de la France. Ils confirment sa possession des Trois-Évêchés et lui transfèrent des droits habsbourgeois en Alsace.", "originalTitle": "The Peace of Westphalia reshapes European borders", "originalIndex": 8, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia", "id": "making-france-08", "commonsFile": "Westfaelischer Friede in Muenster (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster", "artworkTitle_fr": "La ratification du traité de Münster", "artist": "Gerard ter Borch", "artworkDate": "1648", "artworkDate_fr": "1648", "collection": "National Gallery, London, NG896; also catalogued by the Rijksmuseum as SK-C-1683", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Gerard ter Borch", "depiction": "context", "relation": "Ter Borch depicts the Spanish–Dutch ratification at Münster on 15 May 1648. This ceremony belongs to the wider Westphalian peace settlements. It is not the signing of France’s October treaty, so it serves here as contemporary context for the diplomacy of 1648.", "relation_fr": "Ter Borch représente la ratification hispano-néerlandaise à Münster, le 15 mai 1648. Cette cérémonie appartient à l’ensemble des règlements de paix westphaliens. Elle ne montre pas la signature du traité français d’octobre : elle contextualise la diplomatie de 1648.", "focal": [ 54, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 54, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 6000, "sourceHeight": 4649, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg/960px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg/1280px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg/1920px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/gerard-ter-borch-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-munster", "verificationNote": "The National Gallery is the owning collection. Historical Rijksmuseum loans are not presented as a verified current display location.", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/08.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/08-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/08-large.webp" }, { "y": 1659, "t": "The Treaty of the Pyrenees", "t_fr": "Le traité des Pyrénées", "body": "France and Spain make peace. Roussillon and other territories pass to France, and a royal marriage is arranged to seal the agreement.", "body_fr": "La France et l’Espagne font la paix. Le Roussillon et d’autres territoires passent à la France ; un mariage royal doit sceller l’accord.", "originalTitle": "Treaty of the Pyrenees", "originalIndex": 9, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees", "id": "making-france-09", "commonsFile": "Traite-Pyrenees.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The meeting of Louis XIV and Philip IV on Pheasants Island", "artworkTitle_fr": "Entrevue des deux rois sur l’île des Faisans", "artist": "Jacques Laumosnier", "artworkDate": "17th century (catalogued; exact date uncertain)", "artworkDate_fr": "XVIIe siècle (datation du catalogue ; date exacte incertaine)", "collection": "Musée de Tessé, Le Mans — LM 10.101", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Traite-Pyrenees.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jacques Laumosnier", "depiction": "later", "relation": "A later reconstruction of the royal meeting associated with the Franco-Spanish peace settlement. It is not an eyewitness view of the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.", "relation_fr": "Reconstitution postérieure de la rencontre royale liée à la paix franco-espagnole. Ce tableau ne constitue pas un témoignage oculaire de la signature du traité des Pyrénées en 1659.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1900, "sourceHeight": 1293, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Traite-Pyrenees.jpg/960px-Traite-Pyrenees.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Traite-Pyrenees.jpg/1280px-Traite-Pyrenees.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Traite-Pyrenees.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Traite-Pyrenees.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Traite-Pyrenees.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE009683", "verificationNote": "The source gives a broad 17th-century date and calls the meeting 1659; do not treat that event date as the painting date or assert an exact production year.", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/09.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/09-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/09-large.webp" }, { "y": 1678, "t": "Franche-Comté becomes French", "t_fr": "La Franche-Comté devient française", "body": "At Nijmegen, Spain cedes Franche-Comté to Louis XIV. Diplomacy confirms the conquest and consolidates the kingdom’s eastern frontier.", "body_fr": "À Nimègue, l’Espagne cède la Franche-Comté à Louis XIV. La diplomatie confirme la conquête et consolide la frontière orientale du royaume.", "originalTitle": "Ceded to France at Nijmegen", "originalIndex": 10, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen", "id": "making-france-10", "commonsFile": "Vrede van Nijmegen - De ondertekening van de Vrede tussen Frankrijk en Spanje door Henri Gascard (1635-1701).jpg", "artworkTitle": "The signing of the peace between France and Spain at Nijmegen", "artworkTitle_fr": "La signature de la paix entre la France et l’Espagne à Nimègue", "artist": "Henri Gascar (also Gascard)", "artworkDate": "17th century", "artworkDate_fr": "XVIIe siècle", "collection": "Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen, 1978.05.2", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Henri Gascar (also Gascard)", "depiction": "period", "relation": "Gascar depicts the Franco-Spanish peace ceremony at Nijmegen in 1678. The settlement confirmed Spain’s cession of Franche-Comté to France. The source dates the painting only to the 17th century; the date of the represented treaty is not substituted for the date of the canvas.", "relation_fr": "Gascar représente la cérémonie de paix franco-espagnole à Nimègue en 1678. Le règlement confirme la cession de la Franche-Comté à la France. La notice date seulement la peinture du XVIIe siècle : la date du traité n’est pas présentée comme celle de la toile.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 2999, "sourceHeight": 1808, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg/960px-Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg/1280px-Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg/1920px-Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.collectiegelderland.nl/museumhetvalkhof/object/b44ce8be-8e40-97e6-fb83-cc5764bd2a4a", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/10.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/10-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/10-large.webp" }, { "y": 1766, "t": "Lorraine joins France", "t_fr": "La Lorraine rejoint la France", "body": "The death of Stanisław Leszczyński brings the duchies of Lorraine and Bar into France under earlier diplomatic agreements.", "body_fr": "La mort de Stanislas Leszczynski entraîne le rattachement des duchés de Lorraine et de Bar à la France, conformément aux accords diplomatiques antérieurs.", "originalTitle": "Formally incorporated into France", "originalIndex": 11, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine", "id": "making-france-11", "commonsFile": "Jean Girardet - Portrait of Stanislaus Leszczyński (1677–1766)) - MNK XII-313 - National Museum Kraków.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Portrait of Stanislaus Leszczyński", "artworkTitle_fr": "Portrait de Stanislas Leszczyński", "artist": "Jean Girardet", "artworkDate": "1725–1750 (catalogued range)", "artworkDate_fr": "1725–1750 (datation du catalogue)", "collection": "National Museum in Kraków, MNK XII-313", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg", "license": "Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "attribution": "Jean Girardet / National Museum in Kraków; photograph: Jakub Płoszaj", "depiction": "context", "relation": "A period portrait of Stanislaus, the last duke of Lorraine. His death in 1766 triggered incorporation into France; this portrait is not a depiction of that administrative act.", "relation_fr": "Portrait d’époque de Stanislas, dernier duc de Lorraine. Sa mort, en 1766, entraîne le rattachement à la France ; ce portrait ne représente pas cet acte administratif.", "focal": [ 50, 30 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 30 ], "sourceWidth": 3276, "sourceHeight": 4000, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/960px-Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/1280px-Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/1920px-Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://zbiory.mnk.pl/en/search-result/advance/catalog/231448", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/11.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/11-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/11-large.webp" }, { "y": 1768, "t": "Corsica: a contested transfer", "t_fr": "La Corse : un transfert contesté", "body": "Genoa transfers its rights over Corsica to France. Pasquale Paoli’s independent government resists; French military control follows in 1769, not simply with the signing of the treaty.", "body_fr": "Gênes transfère ses droits sur la Corse à la France. Le gouvernement indépendant de Pascal Paoli résiste ; le contrôle militaire français s’impose en 1769, et non par la seule signature du traité.", "originalTitle": "Genoa cedes Corsica to France", "originalIndex": 12, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1768)", "id": "making-france-12", "commonsFile": "An Account of corsica, portrait, p8.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Portrait of General Pasquale Paoli", "artworkTitle_fr": "Portrait du général Pascal Paoli", "artist": "J. B. Bradel (engraver)", "artworkDate": "1769", "artworkDate_fr": "1769", "collection": "Internet Archive — digitized edition of James Boswell’s An Account of Corsica", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg", "license": "Public domain in the United States (source: PD-US-expired)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "J. B. Bradel (engraver)", "depiction": "context", "relation": "This near-contemporary portrait represents Paoli, leader of Corsican resistance. Published a year after Genoa’s 1768 agreement with France, it is context for the disputed transfer—not an image of its signing.", "relation_fr": "Ce portrait presque contemporain représente Paoli, chef de la résistance corse. Publié un an après l’accord de 1768 entre Gênes et la France, il éclaire une cession contestée sans en montrer la signature.", "focal": [ 50, 35 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 35 ], "sourceWidth": 1469, "sourceHeight": 2622, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg/960px-An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg/1280px-An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://archive.org/details/accountofcorsica00bosw", "rightsNote": "The Commons record explicitly marks US public domain and cautions that status can differ elsewhere. The source edition is dated 1769; Boswell is the author, not the engraver.", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/12.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/12-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/12-large.webp", "rightsNote_fr": "La notice Commons indique explicitement le domaine public aux États-Unis et précise que le statut peut différer ailleurs. L’édition source date de 1769 ; Boswell est l’auteur du livre, pas le graveur." }, { "y": 1860, "t": "Nice and Savoy", "t_fr": "Nice et la Savoie", "body": "The Treaty of Turin transfers Nice and Savoy from the Kingdom of Sardinia to France. The agreement is followed by plebiscites and formal ceremonies of annexation.", "body_fr": "Le traité de Turin transfère Nice et la Savoie du royaume de Sardaigne à la France. L’accord est suivi de plébiscites et de cérémonies officielles d’annexion.", "originalTitle": "Treaty of Turin", "originalIndex": 13, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)", "id": "making-france-13", "commonsFile": "Annexion de la Savoie - Le Monde illustré (23 juin 1860).jpg", "artworkTitle": "Annexation of Savoy: signing the act of cession", "artworkTitle_fr": "Annexion de la Savoie : signature du procès-verbal de cession", "artist": "Auguste Victor Deroy", "artworkDate": "23 June 1860 (publication)", "artworkDate_fr": "23 juin 1860 (publication)", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica — Le Monde illustré", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Auguste Victor Deroy", "depiction": "period", "relation": "A contemporary illustrated report of the handover at Chambéry, implementing the Treaty of Turin. It depicts the cession ceremony, not the treaty negotiations in Turin.", "relation_fr": "Reportage illustré contemporain de la remise de la Savoie à Chambéry, en application du traité de Turin. Il montre la cérémonie de cession, et non les négociations du traité à Turin.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3557, "sourceHeight": 2699, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg/960px-Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg/1280px-Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg/1920px-Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6228177m/f13", "image": "assets/stories/making-france/13.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/making-france/13-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/making-france/13-large.webp" } ], "coverIndex": 8 }, { "id": "hundred-years-war", "title": "The Hundred Years’ War", "title_fr": "La guerre de Cent Ans", "dek": "Rival crowns. Divided loyalties. A kingdom reclaimed.", "dek_fr": "Couronnes rivales, fidélités divisées, royaume reconquis.", "accent": "War", "steps": [ { "y": 1337, "t": "A war for the crown", "t_fr": "Une guerre pour la couronne", "body": "Rival dynastic claims and disputes over English-held lands in France ignite a long conflict. War, fragile truces and renewed campaigns will reshape both kingdoms.", "body_fr": "Les rivalités dynastiques et les conflits autour des possessions anglaises en France déclenchent une longue guerre. Combats, trêves fragiles et nouvelles campagnes transforment les deux royaumes.", "originalTitle": "The Hundred Years’ War begins", "originalIndex": 1, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_War", "id": "hundred-years-war-01", "commonsFile": "Homage d'Edouard III.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Edward III pays homage to Philip VI", "artworkTitle_fr": "Édouard III rend hommage à Philippe VI", "artist": "Anonymous illuminator (artist not securely identified)", "artworkDate": "Last quarter of the 14th century", "artworkDate_fr": "Dernier quart du XIVe siècle", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2813, fol. 357v", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous illuminator (artist not securely identified)", "depiction": "context", "relation": "The miniature depicts the homage of 1329, before the war began. It introduces the uneasy feudal relationship over English-held lands in France; it does not depict the opening of hostilities in 1337.", "relation_fr": "La miniature représente l’hommage de 1329, antérieur à la guerre. Elle éclaire les liens féodaux conflictuels autour des terres détenues en France par le roi d’Angleterre ; elle ne représente pas le début des hostilités en 1337.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 2100, "sourceHeight": 1332, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg/960px-Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg/1280px-Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg/1920px-Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg" }, "verificationNote": "The Commons Author field names Jean Froissart, a writer, not a securely identified illuminator of this Grandes Chroniques manuscript. Artist therefore left anonymous rather than copying that attribution.", "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/01.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/01-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/01-large.webp" }, { "y": 1340, "t": "The fleet at Sluys", "t_fr": "La flotte à L’Écluse", "body": "Edward III’s fleet defeats the French at Sluys. The victory secures an early English advantage at sea and supports further campaigns across the Channel.", "body_fr": "La flotte d’Édouard III défait les Français à L’Écluse. Cette victoire donne aux Anglais un avantage maritime initial et facilite leurs campagnes de l’autre côté de la Manche.", "originalTitle": "Battle of Sluys", "originalIndex": 2, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys", "id": "hundred-years-war-02", "commonsFile": "BattleofSluys.jpeg", "artworkTitle": "The Battle of Sluys, from Froissart’s Chronicles", "artworkTitle_fr": "La bataille de l’Écluse, Chroniques de Froissart", "artist": "Loyset Liédet", "artworkDate": "15th century", "artworkDate_fr": "XVe siècle", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2643, fol. 72r", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BattleofSluys.jpeg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Loyset Liédet", "depiction": "later", "relation": "This later manuscript illumination depicts the naval battle of Sluys in 1340. Its ships, clothing and composition reflect the illuminator’s fifteenth-century world, not an eyewitness record.", "relation_fr": "Cette enluminure postérieure représente la bataille navale de l’Écluse en 1340. Navires, vêtements et composition reflètent le XVe siècle de l’enlumineur, et non un témoignage visuel direct.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1665, "sourceHeight": 1560, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg/960px-BattleofSluys.jpeg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg/1280px-BattleofSluys.jpeg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BattleofSluys.jpeg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84386043/f167.image", "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/02.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/02-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/02-large.webp" }, { "y": 1346, "t": "The battle of Crécy", "t_fr": "La bataille de Crécy", "body": "The French army attacks a strong English position. Longbowmen, disciplined defensive tactics and repeated failed assaults turn the battle into a major French defeat.", "body_fr": "L’armée française attaque une solide position anglaise. Les archers, une défense disciplinée et des assauts infructueux successifs transforment la bataille en lourde défaite française.", "originalTitle": "Battle of Crécy", "originalIndex": 3, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crécy", "id": "hundred-years-war-03", "commonsFile": "Battle of crecy froissart.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Battle of Crécy, from Froissart’s Chronicles", "artworkTitle_fr": "Bataille de Crécy, Chroniques de Froissart", "artist": "Loyset Liédet", "artworkDate": "15th century", "artworkDate_fr": "XVe siècle", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2643, fol. 165v", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Loyset Liédet", "depiction": "later", "relation": "This later manuscript miniature depicts the battle of 1346. Its armor and visual conventions belong to the illuminator’s own century; it is not an eyewitness record.", "relation_fr": "Cette miniature postérieure représente la bataille de 1346. Les armures et les conventions visuelles reflètent le siècle de l’enlumineur : ce n’est pas un témoignage oculaire.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1998, "sourceHeight": 1755, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/960px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/1280px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/1920px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84386043/f354", "verificationNote": "Froissart wrote the chronicle; the illuminator is Loyset Liédet, as identified in the artwork record.", "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/03.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/03-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/03-large.webp" }, { "y": 1356, "t": "A king captured at Poitiers", "t_fr": "Un roi capturé à Poitiers", "body": "The army of the Black Prince defeats the French and captures King John II. The kingdom faces a political crisis and the burden of a royal ransom.", "body_fr": "L’armée du Prince Noir défait les Français et capture le roi Jean II. Le royaume affronte une crise politique et le poids d’une rançon royale.", "originalTitle": "Battle of Poitiers", "originalIndex": 4, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)", "id": "hundred-years-war-04", "commonsFile": "Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg", "artworkTitle": "Battle of Poitiers, from Froissart’s Chronicles", "artworkTitle_fr": "Bataille de Poitiers, Chroniques de Froissart", "artist": "Loyset Liédet", "artworkDate": "c. 1470–1480", "artworkDate_fr": "Vers 1470–1480", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2643, fol. 207r", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Loyset Liédet", "depiction": "later", "relation": "A fifteenth-century visualization of the 1356 battle and the French defeat. Made more than a century later, it records how the event was remembered rather than observed.", "relation_fr": "Vision du XVe siècle de la bataille de 1356 et de la défaite française. Réalisée plus d’un siècle après les faits, elle témoigne de leur mémoire plutôt que d’une observation directe.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1658, "sourceHeight": 1446, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg/960px-Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg/1280px-Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/04.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/04-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/04-large.webp" }, { "y": 1415, "t": "The disaster at Agincourt", "t_fr": "Le désastre d’Azincourt", "body": "Henry V’s exhausted army defeats the French on muddy ground. The losses strike deep into the French nobility and strengthen England’s ambitions in France.", "body_fr": "L’armée épuisée d’Henri V défait les Français sur un terrain boueux. Les pertes frappent durement la noblesse française et renforcent les ambitions anglaises.", "originalTitle": "Battle of Agincourt", "originalIndex": 5, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt", "id": "hundred-years-war-05", "commonsFile": "Schlacht von Azincourt.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Battle of Agincourt", "artworkTitle_fr": "Bataille d’Azincourt", "artist": "Anonymous manuscript illuminator", "artworkDate": "1470–1480", "artworkDate_fr": "1470–1480", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2680, fol. 208", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous manuscript illuminator", "depiction": "later", "relation": "A later miniature from the abridged chronicle of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, depicting the battle of 1415. The manuscript author is not an identified artist.", "relation_fr": "Miniature postérieure de l’Abrégé de la Chronique d’Enguerrand de Monstrelet, représentant la bataille de 1415. L’auteur de la chronique ne doit pas être confondu avec son enlumineur, non identifié.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3501, "sourceHeight": 2333, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg/960px-Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg/1280px-Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg/1920px-Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/05.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/05-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/05-large.webp" }, { "y": 1420, "t": "Troyes: an English heir", "t_fr": "Troyes : un héritier anglais", "body": "The Treaty of Troyes recognizes Henry V and his heirs as successors to Charles VI. The Dauphin rejects his exclusion, leaving France divided between competing claims.", "body_fr": "Le traité de Troyes reconnaît Henri V et ses héritiers comme successeurs de Charles VI. Le dauphin refuse son exclusion, laissant la France divisée entre des prétentions rivales.", "originalTitle": "Treaty of Troyes disinherits the Dauphin", "originalIndex": 6, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes", "id": "hundred-years-war-06", "commonsFile": "The Conclusion of the Treaty of Troye, Where Henry the V, King of England, Receives the Princess of France in Marriage MET DP860138.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Conclusion of the Treaty of Troye", "artworkTitle_fr": "La conclusion du traité de Troyes", "artist": "William Hamilton (designer); R. Gerard (engraver)", "artworkDate": "1788", "artworkDate_fr": "1788", "collection": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 62.557.183", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg", "license": "CC0 / Public domain (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "attribution": "William Hamilton; R. Gerard; published by Madame Breton / The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "depiction": "later", "relation": "An eighteenth-century interpretation of the 1420 treaty and Henry V’s dynastic marriage to Catherine of Valois. It is a later historical reconstruction, not a medieval eyewitness image.", "relation_fr": "Interprétation du XVIIIe siècle du traité de 1420 et du mariage dynastique d’Henri V avec Catherine de Valois. Il s’agit d’une reconstitution historique, non d’un témoignage médiéval.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3669, "sourceHeight": 3148, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg/960px-The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg/1280px-The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg/1920px-The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/712180", "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/06.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/06-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/06-large.webp" }, { "y": 1429, "t": "Joan of Arc at Orléans", "t_fr": "Jeanne d’Arc à Orléans", "body": "Joan joins the forces defending Orléans. The lifting of the siege gives Charles VII’s cause new momentum and opens the road toward his coronation at Reims.", "body_fr": "Jeanne rejoint les forces qui défendent Orléans. La levée du siège redonne de l’élan à la cause de Charles VII et ouvre la route de son sacre à Reims.", "originalTitle": "Joan of Arc relieves Orléans", "originalIndex": 7, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc", "id": "hundred-years-war-07", "commonsFile": "Lenepveu, Jeanne d'Arc au siège d'Orléans.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans", "artworkTitle_fr": "Jeanne d’Arc au siège d’Orléans", "artist": "Jules-Eugène Lenepveu", "artworkDate": "c. 1886–1890", "artworkDate_fr": "vers 1886–1890", "collection": "Panthéon, Paris", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jules-Eugène Lenepveu", "depiction": "later", "relation": "A monumental nineteenth-century interpretation of Joan’s role in the relief of Orléans in 1429. The mural belongs to a commemorative cycle, not contemporary reportage.", "relation_fr": "Interprétation monumentale du XIXe siècle du rôle de Jeanne dans la délivrance d’Orléans en 1429. Cette peinture appartient à un cycle commémoratif, et non à un reportage contemporain.", "focal": [ 52, 37 ], "focalMobile": [ 52, 37 ], "sourceWidth": 1508, "sourceHeight": 2048, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/960px-Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/1280px-Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/07.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/07-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/07-large.webp" }, { "y": 1431, "t": "Joan’s execution at Rouen", "t_fr": "L’exécution de Jeanne à Rouen", "body": "After capture and an English-backed ecclesiastical trial, Joan is condemned for heresy. She is burned at the stake in Rouen on 30 May.", "body_fr": "Après sa capture et un procès ecclésiastique soutenu par les Anglais, Jeanne est condamnée pour hérésie. Elle est brûlée vive à Rouen le 30 mai.", "originalTitle": "Joan of Arc is executed", "originalIndex": 8, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc", "id": "hundred-years-war-08", "commonsFile": "Stilke Hermann Anton - Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Joan of Arc’s Death at the Stake", "artworkTitle_fr": "La mort de Jeanne d’Arc sur le bûcher", "artist": "Hermann Anton Stilke", "artworkDate": "1843 (museum catalogue)", "artworkDate_fr": "1843 (catalogue du musée)", "collection": "State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, ГЭ-5004", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Hermann Anton Stilke", "depiction": "later", "relation": "The right panel of Stilke’s nineteenth-century triptych imagines Joan’s execution at Rouen in 1431. It is a devotional historical interpretation made more than four centuries later.", "relation_fr": "Le panneau droit du triptyque de Stilke imagine l’exécution de Jeanne à Rouen en 1431. C’est une interprétation historique et religieuse réalisée plus de quatre siècles après les faits.", "focal": [ 48, 34 ], "focalMobile": [ 48, 34 ], "sourceWidth": 1341, "sourceHeight": 1920, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg/960px-Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg/1280px-Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/31496?lng=en", "verificationNote": "Commons and the linked museum catalogue give 1843; Commons also records a disputed reading of the painted signature as 1846. The displayed date is explicitly the catalogue date.", "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/08.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/08-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/08-large.webp" }, { "y": 1435, "t": "Arras: a decisive reconciliation", "t_fr": "Arras : une réconciliation décisive", "body": "Charles VII and Philip the Good reach an agreement at Arras. Burgundy abandons its English alliance, transforming the political balance of the war.", "body_fr": "Charles VII et Philippe le Bon concluent un accord à Arras. La Bourgogne abandonne son alliance anglaise, transformant l’équilibre politique de la guerre.", "originalTitle": "Treaty of Arras reconciles France and Burgundy", "originalIndex": 9, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1435)", "id": "hundred-years-war-09", "commonsFile": "Français 5054, fol. 86 recto, Conférences d'Arras (1435).jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Conferences of Arras, from the Vigils of Charles VII", "artworkTitle_fr": "Les conférences d’Arras, Vigiles de Charles VII", "artist": "Anonymous illuminator", "artworkDate": "c. 1484", "artworkDate_fr": "vers 1484", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 86r", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous illuminator", "depiction": "later", "relation": "A late-fifteenth-century illumination of the 1435 negotiations at Arras, made roughly fifty years after the event. Martial d’Auvergne wrote the text; the image’s illuminator is not identified.", "relation_fr": "Enluminure de la fin du XVe siècle représentant les négociations d’Arras de 1435, réalisée environ cinquante ans après les faits. Martial d’Auvergne est l’auteur du texte ; l’enlumineur n’est pas identifié.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1758, "sourceHeight": 1884, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg/960px-Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg/1280px-Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105380390/f183", "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/09.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/09-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/09-large.webp" }, { "y": 1453, "t": "Castillon: the last battle", "t_fr": "Castillon : la dernière bataille", "body": "French artillery helps defeat the English at Castillon. Bordeaux falls later that year, ending the main fighting of the Hundred Years’ War.", "body_fr": "L’artillerie française contribue à la défaite anglaise à Castillon. Bordeaux tombe plus tard dans l’année, mettant fin aux principaux combats de la guerre de Cent Ans.", "originalTitle": "The Hundred Years’ War ends", "originalIndex": 10, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon", "id": "hundred-years-war-10", "commonsFile": "Français 5054, fol. 229v, Bataille de Castillon 1453 - détail.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Battle of Castillon and the death of Talbot", "artworkTitle_fr": "La bataille de Castillon et la mort de Talbot", "artist": "Anonymous illuminator", "artworkDate": "c. 1484", "artworkDate_fr": "Vers 1484", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 229v", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Anonymous illuminator", "depiction": "later", "relation": "The miniature in Martial d’Auvergne’s Vigiles de Charles VII commemorates the battle of 17 July 1453 and the death of John Talbot. Made about a generation later, it belongs to the French memory of the war’s final victories rather than to eyewitness reportage.", "relation_fr": "Cette miniature des Vigiles de Charles VII de Martial d’Auvergne commémore la bataille du 17 juillet 1453 et la mort de John Talbot. Réalisée environ une génération plus tard, elle relève de la mémoire française des dernières victoires plutôt que du témoignage direct.", "focal": [ 52, 43 ], "focalMobile": [ 52, 43 ], "sourceWidth": 1667, "sourceHeight": 1295, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/960px-Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg/1280px-Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/10.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/10-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/hundred-years-war/10-large.webp" } ], "coverIndex": 6 }, { "id": "revolution", "title": "The French Revolution", "title_fr": "La Révolution française", "dek": "From the streets of Paris to the end of a political world.", "dek_fr": "Des rues de Paris à la fin d’un monde politique.", "accent": "Revolution", "steps": [ { "y": 1789, "t": "Storming of the Bastille", "t_fr": "La prise de la Bastille", "body": "On 14 July, Parisians seize the royal fortress in search of arms and gunpowder. The fall of the Bastille becomes an enduring symbol of the challenge to royal authority.", "body_fr": "Le 14 juillet, les Parisiens prennent la forteresse royale à la recherche d’armes et de poudre. La chute de la Bastille devient un symbole durable de la contestation de l’autorité royale.", "originalTitle": "Storming of the Bastille", "originalIndex": 1, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille", "id": "revolution-01", "commonsFile": "Prise de la Bastille.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Storming of the Bastille", "artworkTitle_fr": "Prise de la Bastille", "artist": "Jean-Pierre Houël", "artworkDate": "1789", "artworkDate_fr": "1789", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, département des Estampes et de la Photographie", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jean-Pierre Houël", "depiction": "period", "relation": "Houël’s watercolor represents the attack on the Bastille on 14 July 1789, with the governor, de Launay, being taken away in the foreground. It is a contemporary depiction. This is the BnF watercolor, not the different Bastille painting held by the Musée Carnavalet.", "relation_fr": "L’aquarelle de Houël représente l’attaque de la Bastille le 14 juillet 1789, avec le gouverneur de Launay emmené au premier plan. C’est une représentation contemporaine. Il s’agit de l’aquarelle de la BnF, et non de l’autre tableau de la Bastille conservé au musée Carnavalet.", "focal": [ 50, 42 ], "focalMobile": [ 52, 44 ], "sourceWidth": 8133, "sourceHeight": 6181, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/960px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/1280px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/1920px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b103025148", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/01.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/01-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/01-large.webp" }, { "y": 1789, "t": "The rights of man", "t_fr": "Les droits de l’homme", "body": "The National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Liberty, legal equality and national sovereignty become founding principles of the new political order.", "body_fr": "L’Assemblée nationale adopte la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen. La liberté, l’égalité juridique et la souveraineté nationale deviennent les principes fondateurs du nouvel ordre politique.", "originalTitle": "Declaration of the Rights of Man", "originalIndex": 2, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen", "id": "revolution-02", "commonsFile": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "artworkTitle_fr": "Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen", "artist": "Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier", "artworkDate": "c. 1789", "artworkDate_fr": "vers 1789", "collection": "Musée Carnavalet, Paris, P809", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg", "license": "Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "attribution": "Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier / Paris Musées, Musée Carnavalet", "depiction": "period", "relation": "A contemporary allegorical presentation of the Declaration’s text. The figures and symbols frame the rights as foundational principles; this is a painting, not the original signed legislative document.", "relation_fr": "Présentation allégorique contemporaine du texte de la Déclaration. Figures et symboles mettent en scène ces principes fondateurs ; il s’agit d’un tableau, non de l’acte législatif original signé.", "focal": [ 50, 38 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 38 ], "sourceWidth": 3657, "sourceHeight": 4636, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/960px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/1280px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg/1920px-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/node/152612", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/02.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/02-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/02-large.webp" }, { "y": 1791, "t": "A constitutional monarchy", "t_fr": "Une monarchie constitutionnelle", "body": "France’s first written constitution limits the king’s authority and reorganizes political power. Louis XVI accepts it, but distrust and war will soon destroy the settlement.", "body_fr": "La première constitution écrite française limite l’autorité du roi et réorganise le pouvoir politique. Louis XVI l’accepte, mais la méfiance et la guerre emportent bientôt ce compromis.", "originalTitle": "The first written French constitution is adopted", "originalIndex": 3, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791", "id": "revolution-03", "commonsFile": "Le Roi acceptant la Constitution au milieu de l'Assemblée nationale - le 14 septembre 1791 - estampe - Moreau invenit ; De Longueil sculp. - btv1b6948094h.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Louis XVI accepts the Constitution before the National Assembly", "artworkTitle_fr": "Le Roi acceptant la Constitution au milieu de l’Assemblée nationale", "artist": "Jean-Michel Moreau (designer); Joseph de Longueil (engraver)", "artworkDate": "1792", "artworkDate_fr": "1792", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, De Vinck 4271", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jean-Michel Moreau (designer); Joseph de Longueil (engraver)", "depiction": "period", "relation": "This near-contemporary print depicts the king’s acceptance on 14 September 1791, following the constitution’s adoption on 3 September. It represents the constitutional settlement, not the earlier vote itself.", "relation_fr": "Cette estampe presque contemporaine représente l’acceptation du roi le 14 septembre 1791, après l’adoption de la Constitution le 3 septembre. Elle montre la consécration du nouvel ordre constitutionnel, non le vote initial.", "focal": [ 50, 40 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 40 ], "sourceWidth": 2048, "sourceHeight": 3520, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg/960px-Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg/1280px-Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg/1920px-Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6948094h", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/03.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/03-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/03-large.webp" }, { "y": 1792, "t": "The First Republic", "t_fr": "La Première République", "body": "After the victory at Valmy, the National Convention abolishes the monarchy on 21 September. The following day becomes the starting point of Year I of the Republic.", "body_fr": "Après la victoire de Valmy, la Convention nationale abolit la monarchie le 21 septembre. Le lendemain devient le point de départ de l’an I de la République.", "originalTitle": "The First Republic is proclaimed", "originalIndex": 4, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic", "id": "revolution-04", "commonsFile": "Valmy Battle painting.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Battle of Valmy", "artworkTitle_fr": "La Bataille de Valmy", "artist": "Horace Vernet", "artworkDate": "1826", "artworkDate_fr": "1826", "collection": "National Gallery, London — NG2964", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Horace Vernet", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Vernet’s later painting depicts Valmy on 20 September 1792, immediately before the monarchy was abolished and the Republic established. It represents the military setting, not the proclamation itself.", "relation_fr": "Cette peinture postérieure représente Valmy, le 20 septembre 1792, juste avant l’abolition de la monarchie et l’établissement de la République. Elle évoque le contexte militaire, et non la proclamation.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 6926, "sourceHeight": 4226, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg/960px-Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg/1280px-Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg/1920px-Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/emile-jean-horace-vernet-the-battle-of-valmy", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/04.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/04-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/04-large.webp" }, { "y": 1793, "t": "The execution of Louis XVI", "t_fr": "L’exécution de Louis XVI", "body": "Convicted by the Convention, Louis XVI is guillotined on 21 January. His execution deepens the rupture with monarchy as the Republic confronts war and internal division.", "body_fr": "Condamné par la Convention, Louis XVI est guillotiné le 21 janvier. Son exécution approfondit la rupture avec la monarchie, dans une République confrontée à la guerre et aux divisions intérieures.", "originalTitle": "Louis XVI executed, Republic declared", "originalIndex": 5, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI", "id": "revolution-05", "commonsFile": "Charles Benazech - Exécution de Louis XVI, le 21 janvier 1793 - P2766 - Musée Carnavalet.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Execution of Louis XVI, 21 January 1793", "artworkTitle_fr": "Exécution de Louis XVI, le 21 janvier 1793", "artist": "Charles Benazech", "artworkDate": "c. 1793", "artworkDate_fr": "vers 1793", "collection": "Musée Carnavalet, Paris, P2766", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg", "license": "Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "attribution": "Charles Benazech / Paris Musées, Musée Carnavalet", "depiction": "period", "relation": "A near-contemporary representation of the king with his confessor at the scaffold. The composition emphasizes his final moments; it is an artist’s account, not photographic or neutral evidence.", "relation_fr": "Représentation presque contemporaine du roi et de son confesseur au pied de l’échafaud. La composition souligne ses derniers instants ; c’est un récit d’artiste, non un témoignage photographique ou neutre.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 4719, "sourceHeight": 3553, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/960px-Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/1280px-Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/1920px-Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/node/110845", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/05.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/05-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/05-large.webp" }, { "y": 1793, "t": "The Terror", "t_fr": "La Terreur", "body": "War and revolt drive an increasingly repressive emergency government. Revolutionary tribunals, executions and violence against suspected enemies mark the period of the Terror.", "body_fr": "La guerre et les révoltes entraînent un gouvernement d’exception de plus en plus répressif. Tribunaux révolutionnaires, exécutions et violences contre les ennemis présumés marquent la Terreur.", "originalTitle": "The Reign of Terror begins", "originalIndex": 6, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror", "id": "revolution-06", "commonsFile": "Noyades de Nantes-Joseph Aubert.gif", "artworkTitle": "The Drownings at Nantes in 1793", "artworkTitle_fr": "Les Noyades de Nantes en 1793", "artist": "Joseph Aubert", "artworkDate": "1882", "artworkDate_fr": "1882", "collection": "Musée d’art et d’histoire de Cholet", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Joseph Aubert", "depiction": "later", "relation": "A nineteenth-century condemnation of the mass drownings during the Terror at Nantes. This is a later reconstruction of violence in 1793–94, not an eyewitness image of the Terror’s beginning.", "relation_fr": "Une dénonciation, au XIXe siècle, des noyades commises pendant la Terreur à Nantes. Il s’agit d’une reconstitution des violences de 1793–1794, et non d’un témoignage visuel du début de la Terreur.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1280, "sourceHeight": 540, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif/960px-Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif" }, "verificationNote": "Museum version, not the separate higher-resolution privately owned auction variant. Source is limited to 1280 × 540 pixels; no artificial upscaling.", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/06.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/06-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/06-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée." }, { "y": 1794, "t": "The fall of Robespierre", "t_fr": "La chute de Robespierre", "body": "On 9 Thermidor, Robespierre and his allies are arrested. Their execution the following day opens a political reversal, although violence does not end overnight.", "body_fr": "Le 9 Thermidor, Robespierre et ses alliés sont arrêtés. Leur exécution le lendemain ouvre un retournement politique, sans mettre fin immédiatement aux violences.", "originalTitle": "Robespierre falls", "originalIndex": 7, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre", "id": "revolution-07", "commonsFile": "Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert - La Nuit du 9 au 10 thermidor an II.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Arrest of Robespierre: The Night of 9–10 Thermidor, Year II", "artworkTitle_fr": "La Nuit du 9 au 10 thermidor an II : arrestation de Robespierre", "artist": "Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert, after Fulchran-Jean Harriet", "artworkDate": "c. 1796", "artworkDate_fr": "vers 1796", "collection": "Musée Carnavalet, Paris", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert, after Fulchran-Jean Harriet", "depiction": "period", "relation": "This near-contemporary coloured engraving reconstructs the arrest at the Hôtel de Ville on the night of 27–28 July 1794. Its dramatic staging should not be read as a photograph of the scene.", "relation_fr": "Cette gravure en couleurs, proche des événements, reconstitue l’arrestation à l’Hôtel de Ville dans la nuit du 27 au 28 juillet 1794. Sa mise en scène dramatique n’est pas un enregistrement photographique.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3566, "sourceHeight": 2601, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg/960px-Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg/1280px-Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg/1920px-Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/revolution/07.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/07-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/07-large.webp" }, { "y": 1795, "t": "The Directory", "t_fr": "Le Directoire", "body": "A new constitution places executive power in the hands of five directors. The Republic survives amid war, financial instability, political opposition and repeated coups.", "body_fr": "Une nouvelle constitution confie le pouvoir exécutif à cinq directeurs. La République se maintient au milieu des guerres, de l’instabilité financière, des oppositions et des coups de force.", "originalTitle": "The Directory takes power", "originalIndex": 8, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory", "id": "revolution-08", "commonsFile": "Audience du Directoire en Costume - Google Art Project.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Audience of the Directory in Ceremonial Dress", "artworkTitle_fr": "Audience du Directoire en costume", "artist": "Jean Duplessi-Bertaux", "artworkDate": "1802", "artworkDate_fr": "1802", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France — RESERVE QB-370 (49)-FT4", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jean Duplessi-Bertaux", "depiction": "period", "relation": "The engraving depicts an audience of the newly established Directory on 30 Brumaire, Year IV (21 November 1795). Published in 1802, it recalls the regime’s early ceremonial appearance rather than its constitutional adoption.", "relation_fr": "Cette gravure représente une audience du nouveau Directoire le 30 brumaire an IV, soit le 21 novembre 1795. Publiée en 1802, elle évoque ses débuts institutionnels plutôt que l’adoption de la Constitution.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3128, "sourceHeight": 2608, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/960px-Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1280px-Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1920px-Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530097647/f1", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/08.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/08-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/08-large.webp" }, { "y": 1799, "t": "The coup of Brumaire", "t_fr": "Le coup d’État de Brumaire", "body": "On 18–19 Brumaire, Bonaparte and his allies overthrow the Directory. The Consulate replaces it, and Napoleon soon dominates the new government as First Consul.", "body_fr": "Les 18 et 19 Brumaire, Bonaparte et ses alliés renversent le Directoire. Le Consulat lui succède ; Napoléon domine bientôt le nouveau gouvernement comme Premier consul.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon seizes power", "originalIndex": 9, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire", "id": "revolution-09", "commonsFile": "Journée de Saint-Cloud le 18 brumaire - Helman Isidore-Stanislas.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Day of Saint-Cloud, 18 Brumaire", "artworkTitle_fr": "Journée de Saint-Cloud, le 18 brumaire", "artist": "Charles Monnet (designer); Isidore-Stanislas Helman and Jean Duplessi-Bertaux (engravers)", "artworkDate": "1800", "artworkDate_fr": "1800", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Charles Monnet (designer); Isidore-Stanislas Helman and Jean Duplessi-Bertaux (engravers)", "depiction": "period", "relation": "Published just after the coup, this print depicts Bonaparte and the legislators at Saint-Cloud. Its title uses 18 Brumaire for the two-day episode of 9–10 November 1799.", "relation_fr": "Publiée peu après le coup d’État, cette estampe représente Bonaparte et les députés à Saint-Cloud. Son titre emploie le 18 Brumaire pour désigner l’ensemble des journées des 9 et 10 novembre 1799.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1354, "sourceHeight": 1053, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg/960px-Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg/1280px-Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84129002", "image": "assets/stories/revolution/09.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/revolution/09-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/revolution/09-large.webp" } ], "coverIndex": 0 }, { "id": "napoleon", "title": "Napoleon: Rise and Fall", "title_fr": "Napoléon : ascension et chute", "dek": "The making of an emperor. The unmaking of an empire.", "dek_fr": "L’ascension d’un empereur. La chute d’un empire.", "accent": "Empire", "steps": [ { "y": 1769, "t": "Born in Ajaccio", "t_fr": "Né à Ajaccio", "body": "Napoleon Bonaparte is born on 15 August, shortly after France establishes military control over Corsica. The island’s struggle for independence shapes his early world.", "body_fr": "Napoléon Bonaparte naît le 15 août, peu après l’établissement du contrôle militaire français sur la Corse. La lutte pour l’indépendance de l’île marque son univers d’enfance.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon Bonaparte born in Ajaccio", "originalIndex": 1, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon", "id": "napoleon-01", "commonsFile": "Kamer in geboortehuis van Napoleon Bonaparte, Ajaccio Kamer waarin Napoleon geboren werd, Ajaccio (titel op object), RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Room in Napoleon Bonaparte’s Birthplace, Ajaccio", "artworkTitle_fr": "Chambre dans la maison natale de Napoléon Bonaparte, Ajaccio", "artist": "Possibly Henry Pauw van Wieldrecht", "artworkDate": "c. 1886–1896", "artworkDate_fr": "vers 1886–1896", "collection": "Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam — RP-F-2007-359-64", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg", "license": "Public domain; digitization released under CC0 1.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "attribution": "Possibly Henry Pauw van Wieldrecht", "depiction": "context", "relation": "An albumen photograph of the room identified as Napoleon’s birthplace in Ajaccio. It records the house more than a century after his birth; it does not show the room as it was in 1769.", "relation_fr": "Cette photographie à l’albumine montre la pièce présentée comme la chambre natale de Napoléon à Ajaccio. Réalisée plus d’un siècle après sa naissance, elle ne restitue pas l’état de la pièce en 1769.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 6364, "sourceHeight": 4740, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg/960px-Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg/1280px-Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg/1920px-Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.452699", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/01.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/01-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/01-large.webp" }, { "y": 1798, "t": "The Egyptian expedition", "t_fr": "L’expédition d’Égypte", "body": "Bonaparte invades Egypt and wins the Battle of the Pyramids. The expedition’s military fortunes deteriorate, while its scholars document Egypt; officer Pierre-François Bouchard discovers the Rosetta Stone in 1799.", "body_fr": "Bonaparte envahit l’Égypte et remporte la bataille des Pyramides. La situation militaire se dégrade, tandis que les savants étudient le pays ; l’officier Pierre-François Bouchard découvre la pierre de Rosette en 1799.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon’s Egypt campaign", "originalIndex": 2, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria", "id": "napoleon-02", "commonsFile": "Battle of the Pyramids (by Louis-François Lejeune).jpg", "artworkTitle": "General View of the Battle of the Pyramids, 21 July 1798", "artworkTitle_fr": "Vue générale de la bataille des Pyramides, le 21 juillet 1798", "artist": "Louis-François Lejeune", "artworkDate": "1808", "artworkDate_fr": "1808", "collection": "Château de Versailles — MV 6854 / MI 253", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Louis-François Lejeune", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Painted ten years after the battle, this panoramic reconstruction represents the army’s victory during the invasion of Egypt. It is a French military interpretation, not a neutral eyewitness account of the campaign.", "relation_fr": "Peinte dix ans après la bataille, cette reconstitution panoramique représente la victoire française pendant l’invasion de l’Égypte. Elle exprime un regard militaire français, et non un témoignage neutre sur la campagne.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3100, "sourceHeight": 1354, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg/960px-Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg/1280px-Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg/1920px-Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE012052", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/02.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/02-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/02-large.webp" }, { "y": 1799, "t": "The coup of Brumaire", "t_fr": "Le coup d’État de Brumaire", "body": "Bonaparte returns to France and helps overthrow the Directory on 18–19 Brumaire. As First Consul, he concentrates power while promising order after a decade of revolution.", "body_fr": "Bonaparte revient en France et contribue au renversement du Directoire les 18 et 19 Brumaire. Premier consul, il concentre le pouvoir en promettant l’ordre après une décennie de révolution.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon seizes power", "originalIndex": 3, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire", "id": "napoleon-03", "commonsFile": "Bouchot - Le general Bonaparte au Conseil des Cinq-Cents.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Bonaparte before the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud", "artworkTitle_fr": "Bonaparte au Conseil des Cinq-Cents à Saint-Cloud", "artist": "François Bouchot", "artworkDate": "1840", "artworkDate_fr": "1840", "collection": "Musée du Louvre, INV 2745; deposited at Versailles, MV 1952", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "François Bouchot", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Bouchot’s later history painting depicts the confrontation of 10 November 1799, the second day of the Brumaire coup. It was commissioned for Louis-Philippe’s historical museum, not painted during the coup.", "relation_fr": "Ce tableau d’histoire postérieur représente l’affrontement du 10 novembre 1799, deuxième journée du coup d’État de Brumaire. Il fut commandé pour le musée historique de Louis-Philippe, et non peint pendant les faits.", "focal": [ 49, 40 ], "focalMobile": [ 49, 40 ], "sourceWidth": 1833, "sourceHeight": 1953, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg/960px-Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg/1280px-Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010237341", "verificationNote": "Commons incorrectly places the event date in the painting Date field. The Louvre inventory explicitly dates creation and the signature to 1840; that is the date used here.", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/03.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/03-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/03-large.webp" }, { "y": 1800, "t": "Across the Alps to Marengo", "t_fr": "Des Alpes à Marengo", "body": "Bonaparte leads the Army of the Reserve across the Alps. Victory at Marengo on 14 June strengthens his position as First Consul and restores French influence in northern Italy.", "body_fr": "Bonaparte conduit l’armée de Réserve à travers les Alpes. La victoire de Marengo, le 14 juin, renforce sa position de Premier consul et rétablit l’influence française en Italie du Nord.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon crosses the Alps and wins at Marengo", "originalIndex": 4, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo", "id": "napoleon-04", "commonsFile": "David - Napoleon crossing the Alps - Malmaison2.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Napoleon Crossing the Alps", "artworkTitle_fr": "Bonaparte franchissant les Alpes au Grand-Saint-Bernard", "artist": "Jacques-Louis David", "artworkDate": "1800–1801 (Year IX)", "artworkDate_fr": "1800–1801 (Year IX)", "collection": "Musée national du château de Malmaison, M.M.49.7.1", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jacques-Louis David", "depiction": "period", "relation": "David turns the crossing of the Great St Bernard Pass into an image of heroic leadership. This official portrait evokes the 1800 campaign before Marengo; Napoleon actually crossed on a mule, not the rearing horse shown here.", "relation_fr": "David transforme le passage du Grand-Saint-Bernard en une image de commandement héroïque. Ce portrait officiel évoque la campagne de 1800 avant Marengo ; Napoléon franchit réellement le col sur une mule, non sur ce cheval cabré.", "focal": [ 48, 39 ], "focalMobile": [ 48, 39 ], "sourceWidth": 3394, "sourceHeight": 4134, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg/960px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg/1280px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg/1920px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://musees-nationaux-malmaison.fr/chateau-malmaison/collection/objet/le-premier-consul-franchissant-les-alpes-au-col-du-grand-saint-bernard", "verificationNote": "Museum record dates the work to 1800; signature is Year IX. Commons records the digital reproduction as PD-Art.", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/04.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/04-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/04-large.webp" }, { "y": 1804, "t": "The imperial coronation", "t_fr": "Le sacre impérial", "body": "On 2 December, Napoleon is crowned emperor at Notre-Dame in Paris. The ceremony transforms revolutionary power into a new imperial dynasty.", "body_fr": "Le 2 décembre, Napoléon est sacré empereur à Notre-Dame de Paris. La cérémonie transforme un pouvoir issu de la Révolution en une nouvelle dynastie impériale.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon crowned Emperor", "originalIndex": 5, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon", "id": "napoleon-05", "commonsFile": "Jacques-Louis David - The Coronation of Napoleon (1805-1807).jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Coronation of Napoleon and Joséphine at Notre-Dame", "artworkTitle_fr": "Le Sacre de Napoléon et le Couronnement de Joséphine", "artist": "Jacques-Louis David, with Georges Rouget", "artworkDate": "1805–1807", "artworkDate_fr": "1805–1807", "collection": "Musée du Louvre — INV 3699", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jacques-Louis David, with Georges Rouget", "depiction": "period", "relation": "David’s official painting depicts Napoleon crowning Joséphine during the ceremony of 2 December 1804. Made shortly afterwards, it deliberately shapes imperial memory rather than recording every detail literally.", "relation_fr": "La peinture officielle de David représente Napoléon couronnant Joséphine lors de la cérémonie du 2 décembre 1804. Réalisée peu après, elle construit une mémoire impériale plutôt qu’un relevé littéral de chaque détail.", "focal": [ 54, 48 ], "focalMobile": [ 55, 42 ], "sourceWidth": 6000, "sourceHeight": 3773, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg/960px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg/1280px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg/1920px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010065720", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/05.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/05-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/05-large.webp" }, { "y": 1804, "t": "The Civil Code", "t_fr": "Le Code civil", "body": "Earlier that same year, on 21 March, the Civil Code unifies much of French civil law. Its enduring influence coexists with restrictions on women’s legal autonomy and a strong patriarchal family order.", "body_fr": "Plus tôt dans la même année, le 21 mars, le Code civil unifie une grande partie du droit civil français. Son influence durable s’accompagne de restrictions à l’autonomie juridique des femmes et d’un ordre familial patriarcal.", "originalTitle": "The Napoleonic Code is enacted", "originalIndex": 6, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code", "id": "napoleon-06", "commonsFile": "Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries", "artworkTitle_fr": "Napoléon dans son cabinet de travail aux Tuileries", "artist": "Jacques-Louis David", "artworkDate": "1812", "artworkDate_fr": "1812", "collection": "National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1961.9.15", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jacques-Louis David", "depiction": "context", "relation": "David presents Napoleon as a working ruler, with the civil code among the symbols of his administration. Painted eight years after its enactment, the portrait evokes legislative authority rather than the 1804 act itself.", "relation_fr": "David présente Napoléon en souverain au travail, le Code civil figurant parmi les symboles de son administration. Peint huit ans après sa promulgation, ce portrait évoque le pouvoir législatif plutôt que l’acte de 1804.", "focal": [ 50, 30 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 30 ], "sourceWidth": 3079, "sourceHeight": 5135, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/960px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1280px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1920px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.nga.gov/artworks/46114-emperor-napoleon-his-study-tuileries", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/06.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/06-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/06-large.webp" }, { "y": 1805, "t": "The battle of Trafalgar", "t_fr": "La bataille de Trafalgar", "body": "On 21 October, Nelson’s fleet defeats the combined French and Spanish fleet. Britain’s naval supremacy endures, even as Napoleon’s armies dominate on land.", "body_fr": "Le 21 octobre, la flotte de Nelson défait la flotte franco-espagnole. La suprématie navale britannique perdure, alors même que les armées de Napoléon dominent sur terre.", "originalTitle": "Battle of Trafalgar", "originalIndex": 7, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar", "id": "napoleon-07", "commonsFile": "The Battle of Trafalgar by William Clarkson Stanfield.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The Battle of Trafalgar", "artworkTitle_fr": "La Bataille de Trafalgar", "artist": "Clarkson Frederick Stanfield", "artworkDate": "1836", "artworkDate_fr": "1836", "collection": "Commissioned for the United Service Club, London; current holding not verified", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Clarkson Frederick Stanfield", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Painted three decades later, this British interpretation shows the naval battle of 21 October 1805. It represents the defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet, not an eyewitness view. The National Maritime Museum holds a smaller version of the composition.", "relation_fr": "Peinte trois décennies après les faits, cette interprétation britannique représente la bataille navale du 21 octobre 1805. Elle évoque la défaite de la flotte franco-espagnole, sans constituer un témoignage visuel direct. Le National Maritime Museum conserve une version plus petite de la composition.", "focal": [ 48, 57 ], "focalMobile": [ 48, 57 ], "sourceWidth": 5317, "sourceHeight": 3048, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg/960px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg/1280px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg/1920px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg" }, "verificationNote": "Original large 1836 composition, not the smaller Caird Collection copy. Current repository of this version is not established by the source record.", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/07.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/07-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/07-large.webp" }, { "y": 1806, "t": "The end of the Holy Roman Empire", "t_fr": "La fin du Saint-Empire", "body": "Napoleon’s Confederation of the Rhine breaks the old imperial structure. Francis II relinquishes the imperial crown in August, ending the Holy Roman Empire.", "body_fr": "La Confédération du Rhin voulue par Napoléon disloque l’ancienne structure impériale. François II renonce à la couronne impériale en août, mettant fin au Saint-Empire.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon dissolves the Holy Roman Empire", "originalIndex": 8, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine", "id": "napoleon-08", "commonsFile": "Franz II. (Joseph Kreutzinger, um 1805).jpg", "artworkTitle": "Emperor Francis II", "artworkTitle_fr": "L’Empereur François II", "artist": "Joseph Kreutzinger", "artworkDate": "c. 1805", "artworkDate_fr": "c. 1805", "collection": "Schloss Laxenburg (as catalogued by Commons)", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Joseph Kreutzinger", "depiction": "context", "relation": "A portrait of the last Holy Roman Emperor shortly before he relinquished that title in 1806. The image identifies the ruler affected by Napoleon’s reordering of Germany; it does not depict the act of dissolution.", "relation_fr": "Portrait du dernier empereur du Saint-Empire, peu avant son renoncement à ce titre en 1806. L’image présente le souverain concerné par la réorganisation de l’Allemagne sous Napoléon ; elle ne représente pas l’acte de dissolution.", "focal": [ 48, 34 ], "focalMobile": [ 48, 34 ], "sourceWidth": 2307, "sourceHeight": 2917, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg/960px-Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg/1280px-Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg/1920px-Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/08.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/08-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/08-large.webp" }, { "y": 1812, "t": "The retreat from Russia", "t_fr": "La retraite de Russie", "body": "The invasion reaches Moscow but fails to force peace. Hunger, disease, combat and freezing weather devastate the retreating army and expose the limits of Napoleon’s empire.", "body_fr": "L’invasion atteint Moscou sans imposer la paix. La faim, les maladies, les combats et le froid ravagent l’armée en retraite et révèlent les limites de l’Empire.", "originalTitle": "The invasion of Russia collapses", "originalIndex": 9, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia", "id": "napoleon-09", "commonsFile": "Napoleons retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow", "artworkTitle_fr": "La Retraite de Russie", "artist": "Adolph Northen", "artworkDate": "1851", "artworkDate_fr": "1851", "collection": "Current location unidentified in the source record", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Adolph Northen", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Northen’s nineteenth-century reconstruction depicts the exhausted French army retreating from Russia in 1812. Painted after the artist’s birth in 1828, it is historical interpretation rather than a contemporary record.", "relation_fr": "Cette reconstitution du XIXe siècle montre l’armée française épuisée pendant la retraite de Russie de 1812. L’artiste étant né en 1828, il s’agit d’une interprétation historique et non d’un témoignage contemporain.", "focal": [ 44, 49 ], "focalMobile": [ 44, 49 ], "sourceWidth": 1000, "sourceHeight": 762, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg/960px-Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg" }, "verificationNote": "Available source is only 1000 × 762 pixels. No synthetic upscaling. Current collection is explicitly unidentified; no museum attribution is invented.", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/09.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/09-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/09-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée." }, { "y": 1814, "t": "Abdication and Elba", "t_fr": "L’abdication et l’île d’Elbe", "body": "Coalition forces enter Paris. Napoleon abdicates in April and leaves for Elba, while Louis XVIII returns to the French throne.", "body_fr": "Les forces de la coalition entrent dans Paris. Napoléon abdique en avril et part pour l’île d’Elbe, tandis que Louis XVIII remonte sur le trône de France.", "originalTitle": "Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba", "originalIndex": 10, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon", "id": "napoleon-10", "commonsFile": "Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 31 March 1814 (by Hippolyte Paul Delaroche).jpg", "artworkTitle": "Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 31 March 1814", "artworkTitle_fr": "Napoléon à Fontainebleau, le 31 mars 1814", "artist": "Paul Delaroche", "artworkDate": "1846", "artworkDate_fr": "1846", "collection": "Royal Collection, RCIN 405838", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Paul Delaroche", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Delaroche imagines Napoleon after learning that the Allies have entered Paris, just before his April 1814 abdication. This is the Royal Collection’s later version, not a contemporary portrait of the surrender or his arrival on Elba.", "relation_fr": "Delaroche imagine Napoléon après l’annonce de l’entrée des Alliés dans Paris, avant son abdication d’avril 1814. Cette version tardive de la Royal Collection n’est pas un portrait contemporain de la capitulation ou de son arrivée à l’île d’Elbe.", "focal": [ 47, 36 ], "focalMobile": [ 47, 36 ], "sourceWidth": 1690, "sourceHeight": 2250, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg/960px-Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg/1280px-Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.rct.uk/collection/405838/napoleon-at-fontainebleau-31-march-1814", "verificationNote": "1846 Royal Collection version; do not confuse with the 1845 Leipzig painting or the private-collection 1845 variant.", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/10.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/10-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/10-large.webp" }, { "y": 1815, "t": "Waterloo", "t_fr": "Waterloo", "body": "After returning for the Hundred Days, Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo on 18 June by Wellington’s and Blücher’s armies. A second abdication leads to exile on Saint Helena.", "body_fr": "Revenu pour les Cent-Jours, Napoléon est vaincu à Waterloo le 18 juin par les armées de Wellington et de Blücher. Une seconde abdication le conduit à l’exil à Sainte-Hélène.", "originalTitle": "Defeat at Waterloo", "originalIndex": 11, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo", "id": "napoleon-11", "commonsFile": "Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG", "artworkTitle": "The Battle of Waterloo", "artworkTitle_fr": "La Bataille de Waterloo", "artist": "William Sadler II", "artworkDate": "1815 (as catalogued in the source)", "artworkDate_fr": "1815 (as catalogued in the source)", "collection": "Collection not stated; exhibited at Pyms Gallery, London, in 1999", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "William Sadler II", "depiction": "period", "relation": "A panoramic interpretation of the battle that ended Napoleon’s Hundred Days on 18 June 1815. Sadler’s composition is a painting of the event, not a photograph or a claim to an eyewitness vantage point.", "relation_fr": "Une interprétation panoramique de la bataille qui met fin aux Cent-Jours le 18 juin 1815. La composition de Sadler représente l’événement sans prétendre restituer le point de vue d’un témoin direct.", "focal": [ 50, 54 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 54 ], "sourceWidth": 1854, "sourceHeight": 846, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/960px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/1280px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG" }, "verificationNote": "Commons catalogues June 1815 but a precise execution date was not independently established. Published exhibition history is Pyms Gallery, 1999; present owner is not identified.", "image": "assets/stories/napoleon/11.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/napoleon/11-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/napoleon/11-large.webp" } ], "coverIndex": 3 }, { "id": "occupation-liberation", "title": "Occupation & Liberation", "title_fr": "Occupation et Libération", "dek": "Defeat, persecution, resistance and the long road to freedom.", "dek_fr": "Défaite, persécution, résistance et long chemin vers la liberté.", "accent": "Resistance", "steps": [ { "y": 1940, "t": "France falls", "t_fr": "La France vaincue", "body": "German forces break through in May and enter Paris in June. Military defeat leads to an armistice, occupation and the establishment of the Vichy regime.", "body_fr": "Les forces allemandes percent le front en mai et entrent dans Paris en juin. La défaite conduit à l’armistice, à l’occupation et à l’instauration du régime de Vichy.", "originalTitle": "France falls; the Vichy regime is formed", "originalIndex": 1, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France", "id": "occupation-liberation-01", "commonsFile": "Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-126-0350-26A, Paris, Einmarsch, Parade deutscher Truppen.jpg", "artworkTitle": "German troops parade in occupied Paris", "artworkTitle_fr": "Défilé allemand dans Paris occupé", "artist": "Heinz Fremke", "artworkDate": "June 1940", "artworkDate_fr": "Juin 1940", "collection": "Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-126-0350-26A", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-126-0350-26A,_Paris,_Einmarsch,_Parade_deutscher_Truppen.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/", "attribution": "Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-126-0350-26A / Fremke, Heinz / CC-BY-SA 3.0", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "A German military photograph of troops parading in Paris after its occupation in June 1940. Produced within the Wehrmacht propaganda apparatus, it records the occupation through the occupiers’ lens, not a neutral account of the defeat.", "relation_fr": "Photographie militaire allemande d’un défilé à Paris après son occupation en juin 1940. Issue de l’appareil de propagande de la Wehrmacht, elle montre l’occupation du point de vue de l’occupant et non comme un témoignage neutre de la défaite.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 800, "sourceHeight": 546, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-126-0350-26A,_Paris,_Einmarsch,_Parade_deutscher_Truppen.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-126-0350-26A,_Paris,_Einmarsch,_Parade_deutscher_Truppen.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-126-0350-26A,_Paris,_Einmarsch,_Parade_deutscher_Truppen.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-126-0350-26A,_Paris,_Einmarsch,_Parade_deutscher_Truppen.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-126-0350-26A,_Paris,_Einmarsch,_Parade_deutscher_Truppen.jpg" }, "rightsNote": "Credit and license link must accompany reuse. Web derivatives retain CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany; resizing/compression and the reversible viewport crop are disclosed. Consult the source record for prior edits.", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/01.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/01-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/01-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée.", "rightsNote_fr": "Toute réutilisation doit conserver les crédits et le lien de licence. Les versions web restent sous CC BY-SA 3.0 Allemagne ; redimensionnement, compression et recadrage réversible dans la fenêtre sont signalés. Consulter la notice pour les modifications antérieures." }, { "y": 1940, "t": "The Appeal of 18 June", "t_fr": "L’Appel du 18 Juin", "body": "From London, Charles de Gaulle calls for the struggle to continue. His BBC broadcasts and subsequent appeals become founding references for Free France.", "body_fr": "Depuis Londres, Charles de Gaulle appelle à poursuivre le combat. Ses émissions à la BBC et ses appels ultérieurs deviennent des références fondatrices de la France libre.", "originalTitle": "De Gaulle’s Appeal of 18 June", "originalIndex": 2, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June", "id": "occupation-liberation-02", "commonsFile": "French men and women read a French war poster written by General de Gaulle, WWII (24322369421).jpg", "artworkTitle": "French people in England read a poster by General de Gaulle", "artworkTitle_fr": "Des Français en Angleterre lisent une affiche du général de Gaulle", "artist": "Unidentified photographer, Office of War Information attribution", "artworkDate": "Second World War, exact date unrecorded", "artworkDate_fr": "Seconde Guerre mondiale, date exacte non indiquée", "collection": "National Museum of the U.S. Navy, Lot 11632-7; Library of Congress reproduction LC-USZ62-105508", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg", "license": "Public domain in the United States — federal government work, per source", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Unidentified photographer, Office of War Information attribution", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "This wartime photograph shows readers of the À tous les Français poster in England. The poster helped circulate de Gaulle’s call to continue the fight, but it was issued after the 18 June broadcast and is not a transcript of that appeal. This is not a photograph of de Gaulle speaking on 18 June.", "relation_fr": "Cette photographie de guerre montre, en Angleterre, des lecteurs de l’affiche À tous les Français. Celle-ci diffuse l’appel à poursuivre le combat, mais paraît après l’émission du 18 juin et n’en est pas la transcription. Il ne s’agit pas d’une photographie de de Gaulle prononçant cet appel.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 2747, "sourceHeight": 2180, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg/960px-French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg/1280px-French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg/1920px-French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://flickr.com/photos/127906254@N06/24322369421", "verificationNote": "The 2016 Flickr date is an upload date, not the photograph date. The Commons source identifies the OWI photograph and Navy/LOC references.", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/02.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/02-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/02-large.webp" }, { "y": 1940, "t": "The Vichy regime", "t_fr": "Le régime de Vichy", "body": "On 10 July, parliament grants Pétain constituent powers. The authoritarian French State replaces the Republic, pursuing collaboration and its own policies of repression and exclusion.", "body_fr": "Le 10 juillet, le Parlement accorde les pleins pouvoirs constituants à Pétain. L’État français autoritaire remplace la République, mène la collaboration et développe ses propres politiques de répression et d’exclusion.", "originalTitle": "The Vichy regime replaces the Third Republic", "originalIndex": 3, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France", "id": "occupation-liberation-03", "commonsFile": "Second cabinet of Philippe Pétain, 1940.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Pétain and the first government of Vichy", "artworkTitle_fr": "Pétain et le premier gouvernement de Vichy", "artist": "Unidentified photographer", "artworkDate": "July 1940 (catalogued as 18 July)", "artworkDate_fr": "Juillet 1940 (notice : 18 juillet)", "collection": "Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Poland", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg", "license": "Public domain in the EU under the anonymous-work term, per Commons; other jurisdictions not verified", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-anon-70-EU", "attribution": "Unidentified photographer", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "The cabinet is photographed on the terrace of the Pavillon Sévigné at Vichy shortly after the regime’s establishment. The source dates it to 18 July while describing the identification as probable; it does not show the parliamentary vote of 10 July.", "relation_fr": "Le gouvernement est photographié sur la terrasse du pavillon Sévigné à Vichy, peu après l’instauration du régime. La notice donne le 18 juillet tout en présentant l’identification comme probable ; l’image ne montre pas le vote parlementaire du 10 juillet.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3500, "sourceHeight": 2490, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg/960px-Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg/1280px-Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg/1920px-Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg" }, "rightsNote": "The source uses PD-anon-70-EU, not a worldwide clearance. U.S. status and the continued anonymity of the photographer have not been independently established; publisher review is required for the intended jurisdiction.", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/03.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/03-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/03-large.webp", "rightsNote_fr": "La source applique PD-anon-70-EU : ce n’est pas une autorisation mondiale. Le statut aux États-Unis et le maintien de l’anonymat du photographe n’ont pas été établis indépendamment. Une vérification par l’éditeur est nécessaire dans la juridiction de publication." }, { "y": 1942, "t": "The Vel’ d’Hiv roundup", "t_fr": "La rafle du Vél’ d’Hiv", "body": "On 16–17 July, French police arrest Jewish families in Paris and its suburbs as part of the Nazi deportation programme, with Vichy’s participation. Many are confined in the Vélodrome d’Hiver before internment and deportation.", "body_fr": "Les 16 et 17 juillet, la police française arrête des familles juives à Paris et en banlieue dans le cadre du programme nazi de déportation, avec la participation de Vichy. Beaucoup sont enfermées au Vélodrome d’Hiver avant l’internement et la déportation.", "originalTitle": "The Vel’ d’Hiv Roundup", "originalIndex": 4, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel'_d'Hiv_Roundup", "id": "occupation-liberation-04", "commonsFile": "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B10919, Frankreich, Internierungslager Drancy.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Prisoners at the entrance to the Drancy internment camp", "artworkTitle_fr": "Internés à l’entrée du camp de Drancy", "artist": "Wisch (as credited by the Bundesarchiv)", "artworkDate": "August 1941", "artworkDate_fr": "Août 1941", "collection": "Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B10919", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/", "attribution": "Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B10919 / Wisch / CC-BY-SA 3.0", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "This photograph predates the Vel’ d’Hiv roundup by almost a year. It contextualizes the internment system and Drancy, later a major deportation transit camp. It does not show the July 1942 arrests or establish that these pictured people were victims of that particular roundup. The archive preserves a biased wartime caption.", "relation_fr": "Cette photographie précède de près d’un an la rafle du Vél’ d’Hiv. Elle évoque le système d’internement et Drancy, devenu un important camp de transit vers la déportation. Elle ne montre ni les arrestations de juillet 1942 ni des personnes identifiées comme victimes de cette rafle précise. La légende d’archives d’époque est partiale.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 791, "sourceHeight": 530, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg" }, "rightsNote": "Credit and license link must accompany reuse. Web derivatives retain CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany; resizing/compression and the reversible viewport crop are disclosed. Consult the source record for prior edits.", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/04.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/04-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/04-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée.", "rightsNote_fr": "Toute réutilisation doit conserver les crédits et le lien de licence. Les versions web restent sous CC BY-SA 3.0 Allemagne ; redimensionnement, compression et recadrage réversible dans la fenêtre sont signalés. Consulter la notice pour les modifications antérieures." }, { "y": 1943, "t": "Jean Moulin and the Resistance", "t_fr": "Jean Moulin et la Résistance", "body": "On 27 May, Jean Moulin brings together the first Conseil national de la Résistance. Arrested the next month, he dies after Gestapo torture; the work of unification continues.", "body_fr": "Le 27 mai, Jean Moulin réunit le premier Conseil national de la Résistance. Arrêté le mois suivant, il meurt après avoir été torturé par la Gestapo ; l’unification se poursuit.", "originalTitle": "Jean Moulin unifies the Resistance", "originalIndex": 5, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Moulin", "id": "occupation-liberation-05", "commonsFile": "Moulin Harcourt 1937.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Portrait of Jean Moulin", "artworkTitle_fr": "Portrait de Jean Moulin", "artist": "Studio Harcourt", "artworkDate": "1937", "artworkDate_fr": "1937", "collection": "Studio Harcourt; RMN photographic source", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moulin_Harcourt_1937.jpg", "license": "Public domain in France under the collective-work term, per Commons; Studio Harcourt credit required", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Harcourt", "attribution": "Studio Harcourt", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "A pre-war studio portrait of Jean Moulin, who coordinated Resistance movements and presided over the first Conseil national de la Résistance meeting in May 1943. It is not a photograph of that clandestine meeting.", "relation_fr": "Portrait d’avant-guerre de Jean Moulin, qui coordonne les mouvements de Résistance et préside la première réunion du Conseil national de la Résistance en mai 1943. Il ne s’agit pas d’une photographie de cette réunion clandestine.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 467, "sourceHeight": 650, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Moulin_Harcourt_1937.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Moulin_Harcourt_1937.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Moulin_Harcourt_1937.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Moulin_Harcourt_1937.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Moulin_Harcourt_1937.jpg" }, "rightsNote": "The Commons record applies the French collective-work term and requires Studio Harcourt attribution under moral rights. U.S. and other jurisdictions are not independently cleared. Low-resolution archival source; not artificially upscaled.", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/05.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/05-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/05-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée.", "rightsNote_fr": "La notice Commons applique la durée française des œuvres collectives et exige le crédit Studio Harcourt au titre du droit moral. Le statut aux États-Unis et dans les autres juridictions n’a pas été vérifié indépendamment. Source d’archives de faible résolution, sans agrandissement artificiel." }, { "y": 1944, "t": "D-Day in Normandy", "t_fr": "Le Débarquement en Normandie", "body": "On 6 June, Allied forces land on the Normandy coast. The landings begin a hard-fought campaign to establish a foothold and advance toward the liberation of France.", "body_fr": "Le 6 juin, les forces alliées débarquent sur les côtes normandes. Une campagne acharnée commence pour établir une tête de pont et avancer vers la libération de la France.", "originalTitle": "D-Day landings in Normandy", "originalIndex": 6, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings", "id": "occupation-liberation-06", "commonsFile": "Into the Jaws of Death 23-0455M edit.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Into the Jaws of Death", "artworkTitle_fr": "Into the Jaws of Death", "artist": "Robert F. Sargent, U.S. Coast Guard", "artworkDate": "6 June 1944", "artworkDate_fr": "6 juin 1944", "collection": "U.S. National Archives / Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg", "license": "Public domain — U.S. Coast Guard work", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-Military-Coast_Guard", "attribution": "Robert F. Sargent / U.S. Coast Guard / NARA; Commons restored edition", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "Sargent photographed American troops leaving a landing craft for Omaha Beach on D-Day. This is an actual photograph of the landings, not a reenactment. The selected Commons edition is a documented restoration of the historical photograph; no AI reconstruction is used.", "relation_fr": "Sargent photographie des soldats américains quittant une barge pour Omaha Beach le jour du Débarquement. C’est une photographie des opérations, et non une reconstitution. La version Commons choisie est une restauration documentée du cliché historique ; aucune reconstruction par IA n’est utilisée.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 51, 44 ], "sourceWidth": 2963, "sourceHeight": 2385, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/960px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/1280px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/1920px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://catalog.archives.gov/id/195515", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/06.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/06-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/06-large.webp" }, { "y": 1944, "t": "The liberation of Paris", "t_fr": "La Libération de Paris", "body": "An uprising in Paris is followed by the arrival of French and American forces. On 25 August, the German garrison surrenders after four years of occupation.", "body_fr": "L’insurrection parisienne est suivie par l’arrivée des forces françaises et américaines. Le 25 août, la garnison allemande capitule après quatre années d’occupation.", "originalTitle": "Liberation of Paris", "originalIndex": 7, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris", "id": "occupation-liberation-07", "commonsFile": "SC 192997 - This group of happy Parisians near the Hotel De Ville, celebrate the liberation of their city. 25 August, 1944. (53402051625).jpg", "artworkTitle": "Parisians celebrate liberation near the Hôtel de Ville", "artworkTitle_fr": "La joie des Parisiens près de l’Hôtel de Ville", "artist": "Unidentified U.S. Army Signal Corps photographer", "artworkDate": "25 August 1944", "artworkDate_fr": "25 août 1944", "collection": "U.S. Army Signal Corps, SC 192997; digitization distributed by Signal Corps Archive", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg", "license": "Public domain in the United States — U.S. Army official work", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "U.S. Army Signal Corps, SC 192997 / Signal Corps Archive", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "An actual photograph of Parisians celebrating near the Hôtel de Ville on the day of the German garrison’s surrender. It records the civilian experience of liberation rather than a later reconstruction.", "relation_fr": "Photographie de Parisiens célébrant la Libération près de l’Hôtel de Ville le jour de la reddition de la garnison allemande. Elle témoigne de la joie des civils et n’est pas une reconstitution postérieure.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 4781, "sourceHeight": 4343, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg/960px-SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg/1280px-SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg/1920px-SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/signalcorpsarchive/53402051625/", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/07.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/07-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/07-large.webp" }, { "y": 1945, "t": "Judging Vichy", "t_fr": "Juger Vichy", "body": "Pétain is sentenced to death in August. De Gaulle commutes the sentence to life imprisonment; the trial becomes a central reckoning with the Vichy regime.", "body_fr": "Pétain est condamné à mort en août. De Gaulle commue sa peine en détention à perpétuité ; le procès constitue un moment majeur du jugement du régime de Vichy.", "originalTitle": "Pétain is sentenced to death", "originalIndex": 8, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain", "id": "occupation-liberation-08", "commonsFile": "Procès Pétain.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Philippe Pétain during his trial", "artworkTitle_fr": "Philippe Pétain pendant son procès", "artist": "Unidentified photographer", "artworkDate": "30 July 1945", "artworkDate_fr": "30 juillet 1945", "collection": "Getty Images historical photograph, as cited by Commons; original archive not identified", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proc%C3%A8s_P%C3%A9tain.jpg", "license": "Public domain in the EU under the anonymous-work term, per Commons; other jurisdictions not verified", "licenseUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-anon-70-EU", "attribution": "Unidentified photographer", "depiction": "photo", "relation": "An actual courtroom photograph from Pétain’s trial. It was taken on 30 July, before the verdict of 15 August; it must not be presented as a photograph of the sentencing itself.", "relation_fr": "Photographie prise pendant le procès de Pétain, le 30 juillet. Elle précède le verdict du 15 août et ne doit pas être présentée comme une image du prononcé de la condamnation.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 550, "sourceHeight": 550, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Proc%C3%A8s_P%C3%A9tain.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Proc%C3%A8s_P%C3%A9tain.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Proc%C3%A8s_P%C3%A9tain.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Proc%C3%A8s_P%C3%A9tain.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Proc%C3%A8s_P%C3%A9tain.jpg" }, "rightsNote": "The source uses PD-anon-70-EU, not a worldwide clearance. U.S. status and the continued anonymity of the photographer have not been independently established; publisher review is required for the intended jurisdiction.", "verificationNote": "The Commons reproduction is only 550 × 550 pixels. No higher-resolution licensed binary was obtained.", "image": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/08.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/08-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/occupation-liberation/08-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée.", "rightsNote_fr": "La source applique PD-anon-70-EU : ce n’est pas une autorisation mondiale. Le statut aux États-Unis et le maintien de l’anonymat du photographe n’ont pas été établis indépendamment. Une vérification par l’éditeur est nécessaire dans la juridiction de publication." } ], "coverIndex": 6 }, { "id": "louis-xiv", "title": "Louis XIV & Versailles", "title_fr": "Louis XIV et Versailles", "dek": "The child king who made a palace the centre of power.", "dek_fr": "Le roi enfant qui fit d’un palais le centre du pouvoir.", "accent": "Monarchy", "steps": [ { "y": 1643, "t": "A child becomes king", "t_fr": "Un enfant devient roi", "body": "Louis XIV succeeds his father at the age of four. Anne of Austria governs as regent, with Cardinal Mazarin, at the beginning of a reign that will last seventy-two years.", "body_fr": "Louis XIV succède à son père à l’âge de quatre ans. Anne d’Autriche exerce la régence avec le cardinal Mazarin, au début d’un règne qui durera soixante-douze ans.", "originalTitle": "Louis XIV becomes king", "originalIndex": 1, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV", "id": "louis-xiv-01", "commonsFile": "Portrait of Louis XIV 1644.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Portrait of the young Louis XIV", "artworkTitle_fr": "Portrait du jeune Louis XIV", "artist": "Unidentified painter", "artworkDate": "1644", "artworkDate_fr": "1644", "collection": "Current collection unidentified; documented in Dorotheum and Hampel auction records", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Unidentified painter", "depiction": "context", "relation": "A portrait of Louis at about six, one year after his accession. The accompanying inscription links the image to the papal nuncio’s mission. It shows the child king, not the accession ceremony; Louis’s coronation took place later, in 1654.", "relation_fr": "Portrait de Louis vers l’âge de six ans, un an après son avènement. L’inscription rattache l’image à la mission du nonce pontifical. Elle montre le roi enfant, non la cérémonie d’avènement ; son sacre n’a lieu qu’en 1654.", "focal": [ 48, 30 ], "focalMobile": [ 48, 30 ], "sourceWidth": 4600, "sourceHeight": 5830, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg/960px-Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg/1280px-Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg/1920px-Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg" }, "image": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/01.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/01-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/01-large.webp" }, { "y": 1648, "t": "The Fronde", "t_fr": "La Fronde", "body": "Resistance to taxation and royal authority erupts during the regency. Parliamentary opposition and aristocratic rebellions plunge the kingdom into years of internal conflict.", "body_fr": "L’opposition fiscale et politique éclate pendant la régence. Contestation parlementaire et révoltes aristocratiques plongent le royaume dans plusieurs années de conflits intérieurs.", "originalTitle": "The Fronde uprising begins", "originalIndex": 2, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronde", "id": "louis-xiv-02", "commonsFile": "Louis XIV en Jupiter, vainqueur de la Fronde.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Louis XIV as Jupiter, conqueror of the Fronde", "artworkTitle_fr": "Louis XIV en Jupiter, vainqueur de la Fronde", "artist": "Charles Poerson", "artworkDate": "c. 1652–1654", "artworkDate_fr": "Vers 1652–1654", "collection": "Château de Versailles, MV 8073", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Charles Poerson", "depiction": "context", "relation": "This allegorical portrait celebrates the monarchy’s victory at the end of the Fronde, not its outbreak in 1648. The young king appears as Jupiter trampling weapons: an assertion of restored royal power, not a literal battle scene.", "relation_fr": "Ce portrait allégorique célèbre la victoire monarchique à la fin de la Fronde, et non son déclenchement en 1648. Le jeune roi apparaît en Jupiter foulant des armes : une affirmation de l’autorité royale rétablie, non une scène de bataille littérale.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 1662, "sourceHeight": 1938, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg/960px-Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg/1280px-Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "http://collections.chateauversailles.fr/#68b1ba00-01b2-4af4-b195-c03bc333a173", "image": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/02.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/02-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/02-large.webp" }, { "y": 1661, "t": "Building Versailles", "t_fr": "Bâtir Versailles", "body": "After Mazarin’s death, Louis XIV governs personally and begins major work at Versailles. Louis XIII’s earlier château becomes the nucleus of an expanding palace and garden complex.", "body_fr": "Après la mort de Mazarin, Louis XIV gouverne personnellement et engage de grands travaux à Versailles. Le château antérieur de Louis XIII devient le noyau d’un palais et de jardins en pleine expansion.", "originalTitle": "Construction begins at Versailles", "originalIndex": 3, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles", "id": "louis-xiv-03", "commonsFile": "Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg", "artworkTitle": "View of Versailles and its gardens from the Avenue de Paris", "artworkTitle_fr": "Vue du château et des jardins de Versailles, prise de l’avenue de Paris", "artist": "Pierre Patel", "artworkDate": "c. 1668", "artworkDate_fr": "Vers 1668", "collection": "Château de Versailles, MV 765 / INV 8790", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Pierre Patel", "depiction": "context", "relation": "Painted during Louis XIV’s lifetime, this view shows Versailles after the early enlargement campaign. It is evidence of the developing palace in 1668, not the beginning of construction in 1661. Louis XIII’s earlier château remains part of the complex.", "relation_fr": "Peinte du vivant de Louis XIV, cette vue montre Versailles après les premiers agrandissements. Elle témoigne de l’état du château en 1668, et non du lancement des travaux en 1661. Le château antérieur de Louis XIII demeure intégré à l’ensemble.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 2866, "sourceHeight": 2081, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg/960px-Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg/1280px-Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg/1920px-Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE004607", "image": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/03.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/03-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/03-large.webp" }, { "y": 1682, "t": "The court at Versailles", "t_fr": "La cour à Versailles", "body": "Louis XIV establishes his court and government at Versailles. Ceremony, patronage and proximity to the king turn the palace into a powerful instrument of rule.", "body_fr": "Louis XIV installe sa cour et son gouvernement à Versailles. Le cérémonial, les faveurs et la proximité du roi font du château un puissant instrument de gouvernement.", "originalTitle": "The court moves to Versailles", "originalIndex": 4, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles", "id": "louis-xiv-04", "commonsFile": "Ambassador of Siam before Louis XIV MET DP211597.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Ambassador of Siam before Louis XIV", "artworkTitle_fr": "L’ambassadeur du Siam devant Louis XIV", "artist": "Sébastien Leclerc I", "artworkDate": "Undated (artist’s lifetime, 1637–1714)", "artworkDate_fr": "Non datée (du vivant de l’artiste, 1637–1714)", "collection": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 53.600.2606", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg", "license": "CC0 1.0 — The Met Open Access", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "attribution": "Sébastien Leclerc I", "depiction": "context", "relation": "Leclerc’s etching represents the Siamese embassy at Louis XIV’s court, associated with the 1686 reception. It illustrates Versailles as a diplomatic stage after the court settled there in 1682, not the move itself. The museum does not give an exact production date.", "relation_fr": "L’eau-forte de Leclerc représente l’ambassade siamoise à la cour de Louis XIV, associée à la réception de 1686. Elle évoque le rôle diplomatique de Versailles après l’installation de la cour en 1682, non le déménagement lui-même. Le musée ne donne pas de date précise de réalisation.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 3697, "sourceHeight": 2998, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg/960px-Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg/1280px-Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg/1920px-Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/386301", "image": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/04.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/04-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/04-large.webp" }, { "y": 1685, "t": "The revocation of Nantes", "t_fr": "La révocation de l’édit de Nantes", "body": "The Edict of Fontainebleau revokes the protections granted to Protestants. Repression and forced conversion intensify, and many Huguenots flee despite restrictions on emigration.", "body_fr": "L’édit de Fontainebleau révoque les protections accordées aux protestants. La répression et les conversions forcées s’intensifient ; de nombreux huguenots fuient malgré l’interdiction d’émigrer.", "originalTitle": "Revocation of the Edict of Nantes", "originalIndex": 5, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau", "id": "louis-xiv-05", "commonsFile": "Révocation de l'édit de Nantes par Louis XIV.jpg", "artworkTitle": "Revocation of the Edict of Nantes", "artworkTitle_fr": "Révocation de l’édit de Nantes par Louis XIV", "artist": "Jan Luyken", "artworkDate": "Late 17th century (exact date not established)", "artworkDate_fr": "Fin du XVIIe siècle (date exacte non établie)", "collection": "Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Jan Luyken", "depiction": "period", "relation": "A period print representing Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes. It is an engraved interpretation of the event, not the original signed edict or a neutral photographic record. The revocation ended legal protection for Protestant worship.", "relation_fr": "Estampe d’époque représentant la révocation de l’édit de Nantes par Louis XIV. Il s’agit d’une interprétation gravée, non de l’édit original signé ni d’un témoignage photographique neutre. La révocation supprime la protection légale du culte protestant.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 5606, "sourceHeight": 4570, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg/960px-R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg/1280px-R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg/1920px-R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg" }, "institutionUrl": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8406477v/f1", "image": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/05.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/05-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/05-large.webp" }, { "y": 1715, "t": "The end of the Sun King", "t_fr": "La fin du Roi-Soleil", "body": "Louis XIV dies at Versailles on 1 September. His five-year-old great-grandson succeeds him as Louis XV, inheriting the prestige and the heavy burdens of the long reign.", "body_fr": "Louis XIV meurt à Versailles le 1er septembre. Son arrière-petit-fils de cinq ans lui succède sous le nom de Louis XV, héritant du prestige et des lourdes charges de ce long règne.", "originalTitle": "Death of Louis XIV", "originalIndex": 6, "historicalReference": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV", "id": "louis-xiv-06", "commonsFile": "Barker, Death of Louis XIV at Versailles, sketch.jpg", "artworkTitle": "The death of Louis XIV at Versailles, oil sketch", "artworkTitle_fr": "La mort de Louis XIV à Versailles, esquisse", "artist": "Thomas Jones Barker", "artworkDate": "1839", "artworkDate_fr": "1839", "collection": "Musée Antoine Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin", "sourceUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barker,_Death_of_Louis_XIV_at_Versailles,_sketch.jpg", "license": "Public domain (per source record)", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/", "attribution": "Thomas Jones Barker", "depiction": "later", "relation": "Barker imagined the king’s death more than a century after 1715. This surviving oil sketch belongs to the nineteenth-century tradition of historical painting; its staged gathering should not be read as an eyewitness account of the royal bedchamber.", "relation_fr": "Barker imagine la mort du roi plus d’un siècle après 1715. Cette esquisse à l’huile conservée relève de la peinture d’histoire du XIXe siècle ; son rassemblement de personnages n’est pas un témoignage oculaire de la chambre royale.", "focal": [ 50, 45 ], "focalMobile": [ 50, 45 ], "sourceWidth": 732, "sourceHeight": 589, "verifiedOn": "2026-09-17", "verification": "Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment.", "remote": { "small": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Barker,_Death_of_Louis_XIV_at_Versailles,_sketch.jpg", "medium": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Barker,_Death_of_Louis_XIV_at_Versailles,_sketch.jpg", "large": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Barker,_Death_of_Louis_XIV_at_Versailles,_sketch.jpg", "original": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Barker,_Death_of_Louis_XIV_at_Versailles,_sketch.jpg", "redirect": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Barker,_Death_of_Louis_XIV_at_Versailles,_sketch.jpg" }, "verificationNote": "Only a 732 × 589 source reproduction was verified. No fabricated or AI-upscaled replacement is included.", "image": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/06.webp", "imageMobile": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/06-mobile.webp", "imageLarge": "assets/stories/louis-xiv/06-large.webp", "qualityNote": "The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.", "qualityNote_fr": "La source vérifiée est de faible résolution. Elle est conservée sans détails inventés ni agrandissement artificiel ; sa netteté en plein écran sera limitée." } ], "coverIndex": 2 } ]