# France Histoire — artwork source manifest

**Six stories · 57 events · 57 distinct source images.**

Source records reviewed on 17 September 2026. Each entry separates the historical event date from the creation date of the image.

## Delivery and verification status

**This copy contains 0/57 complete local artwork sets. Artwork binary downloads were blocked in the editing environment. The remaining image paths are intended build outputs, not existing files. Online fallback image URLs were not binary-tested here. Run the included asset build to bundle all images.**

Run `python tools/fetch_artworks.py` on a network-enabled computer, then `python tools/validate.py --require-images` and `python tools/export_data.py`. The download report records actual successful downloads, dimensions, checksums and failures.

## Reading and rights policy

No AI-generated artwork is selected. A later depiction is not presented as eyewitness evidence. A contextual portrait, document or photograph is explicitly distinguished from a depiction of the event. The lightbox shows the complete supplied image; the cinematic scene applies only a reversible viewport crop, uniform scale and translation. WebP build outputs are resized and compressed, never enlarged or colorized.

Copyright labels below report the selected source records, not blanket worldwide legal clearance. The German Federal Archives photographs require the stated attribution and CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany license link. The Vichy cabinet, Jean Moulin portrait and Pétain trial records carry jurisdiction-specific qualifications; review their notes before public publication. A named auction or digitization source is not silently promoted to the artwork’s current owner. Unknown dates and holdings remain unknown.

## Original sequence

All original event identities, event years and array positions are retained. Some display titles and descriptions have been clarified. The supplied Napoleon array places the December 1804 coronation before the Civil Code, promulgated in March 1804. That original scene order is intentionally preserved; the Code scene explicitly says “Earlier that same year.” The accession of Louis XIV in 1643 is not confused with his coronation in 1654.

| Story | Events | Distinct selected images |
|---|---:|---:|
| How France Became France | 13 | 13 |
| The Hundred Years’ War | 10 | 10 |
| The French Revolution | 9 | 9 |
| Napoleon: Rise and Fall | 11 | 11 |
| Occupation & Liberation | 8 | 8 |
| Louis XIV & Versailles | 6 | 6 |

## How France Became France

Folder: `assets/stories/making-france/`

### 01. 843 — Verdun: a western kingdom

- **Artwork:** The presentation of the Vivian Bible to Charles the Bald
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous illuminators, Saint-Martin of Tours
- **Artwork date:** Mid-9th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Latin 1, fol. 423r
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France_-_Bible_de_Vivien_Ms._Latin_1_folio_423r_d%C3%A9tail_Le_comte_Vivien_offre_le_manuscrit_de_la_Bible_faite_%C3%A0_l'abbaye_de_Saint-Martin_de_Tours_%C3%A0_Charles_le_Chauve.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8455903b/f853.item
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous illuminators, Saint-Martin of Tours
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2068 × 2462 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/01.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/01-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/01-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Bibliothèque nationale de France - Bible de Vivien Ms. Latin 1 folio 423r détail Le comte Vivien offre le manuscrit de la Bible faite à l'abbaye de Saint-Martin de Tours à Charles le Chauve.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This Carolingian illumination shows Charles the Bald receiving a Bible from Count Vivian and the monks of Tours. Charles received the western kingdom in the partition of 843. The image is close to his lifetime, but it depicts a manuscript presentation—not the signing of the Treaty of Verdun.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette enluminure carolingienne montre Charles le Chauve recevant une Bible du comte Vivien et des moines de Tours. Charles reçoit le royaume occidental lors du partage de 843. L’image est proche de son époque, mais représente la présentation d’un manuscrit, et non la signature du traité de Verdun.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 1; original title: “Treaty of Verdun creates West Francia”.

### 02. 987 — Hugh Capet becomes king

- **Artwork:** The coronation of Hugh Capet
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Artwork date:** 14th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2615, fol. 148v
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacre_Hugues_Capet.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55013869k/f302
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3824 × 5290 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/02.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/02-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/02-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Sacre Hugues Capet.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A miniature in the Grandes Chroniques de France represents Hugh Capet’s coronation. It was made centuries after 987: the ceremonial setting reflects a later medieval understanding of the beginning of Capetian kingship, not an eyewitness record.

**Relation à l’événement.** Une miniature des Grandes Chroniques de France représente le couronnement d’Hugues Capet. Réalisée plusieurs siècles après 987, elle traduit la mémoire médiévale de la fondation capétienne, et non le témoignage d’un spectateur de la cérémonie.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 2; original title: “Hugh Capet founds the Capetian dynasty”.

### 03. 1204 — Normandy joins the royal domain

- **Artwork:** Les bouches inutiles
- **Artist / photographer:** Francis Tattegrain
- **Artwork date:** 1886
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée Lombart, Doullens
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Francis Tattegrain; reproduction credited to Didier Rykner in the source record
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2000 × 1338 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/03.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/03-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/03-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `TattegrainBouchesInutiles.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Tattegrain depicts civilians expelled from Château-Gaillard during the siege of 1203–1204. Their plight places the human cost of Philip II’s conquest of Normandy in the foreground. This is a 19th-century historical interpretation, not a medieval witness image.

**Relation à l’événement.** Tattegrain représente les civils expulsés de Château-Gaillard pendant le siège de 1203–1204. Leur sort met au premier plan le coût humain de la conquête de la Normandie par Philippe II. Il s’agit d’une interprétation historique du XIXe siècle, et non d’une image médiévale.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 3; original title: “Philip II annexes Normandy”.

### 04. 1271 — The inheritance of Toulouse

- **Artwork:** Alphonse of Poitiers swears to respect the customs of Agen
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Artwork date:** 13th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Livre des statuts et coutumes de la ville d’Agen; image supplied by Archives départementales de Lot-et-Garonne
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alphonse_de_Poitiers_01.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 600 × 423 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/04.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/04-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/04-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Alphonse de Poitiers 01.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** The count takes an oath before the consuls of Agen. Alphonse and his wife Jeanne held Toulouse; their deaths without an heir in 1271 brought their lands to the royal domain. This miniature illustrates the count’s exercise of authority, not the subsequent transfer of the inheritance.

**Relation à l’événement.** Le comte prête serment devant les consuls d’Agen. Alphonse et son épouse Jeanne détenaient Toulouse ; leur mort sans héritier en 1271 fait revenir leurs terres au domaine royal. Cette miniature illustre l’autorité comtale, et non le transfert ultérieur de la succession.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Catalogue qualification.** Historically specific but the source file is only 600 × 423 px; no artificial upscaling is applied.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 4; original title: “Escheats to the crown”.

### 05. 1453 — Castillon: the English retreat

- **Artwork:** The Battle of Castillon-sur-Dordogne
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Artwork date:** Last quarter of the 15th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** British Library, Royal 20 C IX, fol. 263
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_at_Castillon-sur-Dordogne_-_BL_Royal_20_C_IX,_f._263.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1500 × 1348 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/05.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/05-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/05-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Battle at Castillon-sur-Dordogne - BL Royal 20 C IX, f. 263.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This late-medieval manuscript miniature depicts Castillon, the decisive French victory of 1453. It was illuminated after the battle rather than drawn on the field. A different manuscript depiction is used for the same event in the Hundred Years’ War story.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette miniature de la fin du Moyen Âge représente Castillon, victoire française décisive de 1453. L’enluminure est postérieure à la bataille et n’a pas été dessinée sur le terrain. Un autre manuscrit illustre cet événement dans le récit de la guerre de Cent Ans.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 5; original title: “The Hundred Years’ War ends”.

### 06. 1481 — Provence passes to Louis XI

- **Artwork:** Louis XI, from the Recueil des rois de France
- **Artist / photographer:** Master of the Hours of Henri II
- **Artwork date:** 16th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2848
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_du_Tillet_-_Louis_XI_-_Recueil_des_rois_de_France.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Master of the Hours of Henri II
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 733 × 1024 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/06.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/06-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/06-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Jean du Tillet - Louis XI - Recueil des rois de France.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This later illuminated royal portrait represents Louis XI, who inherited Provence after Charles III’s death in 1481. It is a dynastic portrait from Jean du Tillet’s history of the French kings, not a depiction of the bequest or an authenticated life portrait.

**Relation à l’événement.** Ce portrait royal enluminé, postérieur à son règne, représente Louis XI, héritier de la Provence à la mort de Charles III en 1481. Tiré du recueil de Jean du Tillet, il ne représente ni le legs lui-même, ni un portrait attesté d’après nature.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Catalogue qualification.** The reviewed source file is 733 × 1024 px. No invented high-resolution detail is added.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 6; original title: “Bequeathed to Louis XI”.

### 07. 1532 — The union of Brittany

- **Artwork:** Portrait of Francis I, King of France
- **Artist / photographer:** Jean Clouet
- **Artwork date:** 1527–1530
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée du Louvre, INV 3256
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_I,_King_of_France_-_WGA5081.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010062204
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jean Clouet
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 805 × 1026 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/07.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/07-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/07-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Jean Clouet - Portrait of François I, King of France - WGA5081.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Clouet’s portrait introduces the king under whom Brittany’s union with the French crown was formalized in 1532. Painted near the time of the union, it is a portrait of the ruler—not an image of the Edict being signed.

**Relation à l’événement.** Le portrait de Clouet présente le roi sous lequel l’union de la Bretagne à la couronne de France est formalisée en 1532. Proche de cet événement, l’œuvre est un portrait du souverain, et non une représentation de la signature de l’édit.

**Catalogue qualification.** This verified reproduction is 805 × 1026 px; source-limited resolution, not upscaled.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 7; original title: “Edict of Union with France”.

### 08. 1648 — Westphalia: a new balance

- **Artwork:** The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster
- **Artist / photographer:** Gerard ter Borch
- **Artwork date:** 1648
- **Institution / holding / archive:** National Gallery, London, NG896; also catalogued by the Rijksmuseum as SK-C-1683
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/gerard-ter-borch-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-munster
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Gerard ter Borch
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 6000 × 4649 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/08.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/08-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/08-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Westfaelischer Friede in Muenster (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Ter Borch depicts the Spanish–Dutch ratification at Münster on 15 May 1648. This ceremony belongs to the wider Westphalian peace settlements. It is not the signing of France’s October treaty, so it serves here as contemporary context for the diplomacy of 1648.

**Relation à l’événement.** Ter Borch représente la ratification hispano-néerlandaise à Münster, le 15 mai 1648. Cette cérémonie appartient à l’ensemble des règlements de paix westphaliens. Elle ne montre pas la signature du traité français d’octobre : elle contextualise la diplomatie de 1648.

**Catalogue qualification.** The National Gallery is the owning collection. Historical Rijksmuseum loans are not presented as a verified current display location.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 8; original title: “The Peace of Westphalia reshapes European borders”.

### 09. 1659 — The Treaty of the Pyrenees

- **Artwork:** The meeting of Louis XIV and Philip IV on Pheasants Island
- **Artist / photographer:** Jacques Laumosnier
- **Artwork date:** 17th century (catalogued; exact date uncertain)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée de Tessé, Le Mans — LM 10.101
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Traite-Pyrenees.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE009683
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jacques Laumosnier
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1900 × 1293 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/09.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/09-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/09-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Traite-Pyrenees.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A later reconstruction of the royal meeting associated with the Franco-Spanish peace settlement. It is not an eyewitness view of the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.

**Relation à l’événement.** Reconstitution postérieure de la rencontre royale liée à la paix franco-espagnole. Ce tableau ne constitue pas un témoignage oculaire de la signature du traité des Pyrénées en 1659.

**Catalogue qualification.** The source gives a broad 17th-century date and calls the meeting 1659; do not treat that event date as the painting date or assert an exact production year.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 9; original title: “Treaty of the Pyrenees”.

### 10. 1678 — Franche-Comté becomes French

- **Artwork:** The signing of the peace between France and Spain at Nijmegen
- **Artist / photographer:** Henri Gascar (also Gascard)
- **Artwork date:** 17th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen, 1978.05.2
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vrede_van_Nijmegen_-_De_ondertekening_van_de_Vrede_tussen_Frankrijk_en_Spanje_door_Henri_Gascard_(1635-1701).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.collectiegelderland.nl/museumhetvalkhof/object/b44ce8be-8e40-97e6-fb83-cc5764bd2a4a
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Henri Gascar (also Gascard)
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2999 × 1808 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/10.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/10-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/10-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Vrede van Nijmegen - De ondertekening van de Vrede tussen Frankrijk en Spanje door Henri Gascard (1635-1701).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Gascar depicts the Franco-Spanish peace ceremony at Nijmegen in 1678. The settlement confirmed Spain’s cession of Franche-Comté to France. The source dates the painting only to the 17th century; the date of the represented treaty is not substituted for the date of the canvas.

**Relation à l’événement.** Gascar représente la cérémonie de paix franco-espagnole à Nimègue en 1678. Le règlement confirme la cession de la Franche-Comté à la France. La notice date seulement la peinture du XVIIe siècle : la date du traité n’est pas présentée comme celle de la toile.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 10; original title: “Ceded to France at Nijmegen”.

### 11. 1766 — Lorraine joins France

- **Artwork:** Portrait of Stanislaus Leszczyński
- **Artist / photographer:** Jean Girardet
- **Artwork date:** 1725–1750 (catalogued range)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** National Museum in Kraków, MNK XII-313
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Girardet_-_Portrait_of_Stanislaus_Leszczy%C5%84ski_(1677%E2%80%931766))_-_MNK_XII-313_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://zbiory.mnk.pl/en/search-result/advance/catalog/231448
- **Rights:** Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jean Girardet / National Museum in Kraków; photograph: Jakub Płoszaj
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3276 × 4000 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/11.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/11-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/11-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Jean Girardet - Portrait of Stanislaus Leszczyński (1677–1766)) - MNK XII-313 - National Museum Kraków.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A period portrait of Stanislaus, the last duke of Lorraine. His death in 1766 triggered incorporation into France; this portrait is not a depiction of that administrative act.

**Relation à l’événement.** Portrait d’époque de Stanislas, dernier duc de Lorraine. Sa mort, en 1766, entraîne le rattachement à la France ; ce portrait ne représente pas cet acte administratif.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 11; original title: “Formally incorporated into France”.

### 12. 1768 — Corsica: a contested transfer

- **Artwork:** Portrait of General Pasquale Paoli
- **Artist / photographer:** J. B. Bradel (engraver)
- **Artwork date:** 1769
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Internet Archive — digitized edition of James Boswell’s An Account of Corsica
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An_Account_of_corsica,_portrait,_p8.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://archive.org/details/accountofcorsica00bosw
- **Rights:** Public domain in the United States (source: PD-US-expired)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** J. B. Bradel (engraver)
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1469 × 2622 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/12.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/12-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/12-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `An Account of corsica, portrait, p8.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This near-contemporary portrait represents Paoli, leader of Corsican resistance. Published a year after Genoa’s 1768 agreement with France, it is context for the disputed transfer—not an image of its signing.

**Relation à l’événement.** Ce portrait presque contemporain représente Paoli, chef de la résistance corse. Publié un an après l’accord de 1768 entre Gênes et la France, il éclaire une cession contestée sans en montrer la signature.

**Rights qualification.** The Commons record explicitly marks US public domain and cautions that status can differ elsewhere. The source edition is dated 1769; Boswell is the author, not the engraver.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 12; original title: “Genoa cedes Corsica to France”.

### 13. 1860 — Nice and Savoy

- **Artwork:** Annexation of Savoy: signing the act of cession
- **Artist / photographer:** Auguste Victor Deroy
- **Artwork date:** 23 June 1860 (publication)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica — Le Monde illustré
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annexion_de_la_Savoie_-_Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9_(23_juin_1860).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6228177m/f13
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Auguste Victor Deroy
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3557 × 2699 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/making-france/13.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/13-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/making-france/13-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Annexion de la Savoie - Le Monde illustré (23 juin 1860).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A contemporary illustrated report of the handover at Chambéry, implementing the Treaty of Turin. It depicts the cession ceremony, not the treaty negotiations in Turin.

**Relation à l’événement.** Reportage illustré contemporain de la remise de la Savoie à Chambéry, en application du traité de Turin. Il montre la cérémonie de cession, et non les négociations du traité à Turin.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 13; original title: “Treaty of Turin”.


## The Hundred Years’ War

Folder: `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/`

### 01. 1337 — A war for the crown

- **Artwork:** Edward III pays homage to Philip VI
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous illuminator (artist not securely identified)
- **Artwork date:** Last quarter of the 14th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2813, fol. 357v
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homage_d'Edouard_III.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous illuminator (artist not securely identified)
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2100 × 1332 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/01.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/01-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/01-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Homage d'Edouard III.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** The miniature depicts the homage of 1329, before the war began. It introduces the uneasy feudal relationship over English-held lands in France; it does not depict the opening of hostilities in 1337.

**Relation à l’événement.** La miniature représente l’hommage de 1329, antérieur à la guerre. Elle éclaire les liens féodaux conflictuels autour des terres détenues en France par le roi d’Angleterre ; elle ne représente pas le début des hostilités en 1337.

**Catalogue qualification.** The Commons Author field names Jean Froissart, a writer, not a securely identified illuminator of this Grandes Chroniques manuscript. Artist therefore left anonymous rather than copying that attribution.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 1; original title: “The Hundred Years’ War begins”.

### 02. 1340 — The fleet at Sluys

- **Artwork:** The Battle of Sluys, from Froissart’s Chronicles
- **Artist / photographer:** Loyset Liédet
- **Artwork date:** 15th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 2643, fol. 72r
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BattleofSluys.jpeg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84386043/f167.image
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Loyset Liédet
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1665 × 1560 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/02.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/02-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/02-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `BattleofSluys.jpeg`

**Relationship to this event.** This later manuscript illumination depicts the naval battle of Sluys in 1340. Its ships, clothing and composition reflect the illuminator’s fifteenth-century world, not an eyewitness record.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette enluminure postérieure représente la bataille navale de l’Écluse en 1340. Navires, vêtements et composition reflètent le XVe siècle de l’enlumineur, et non un témoignage visuel direct.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 2; original title: “Battle of Sluys”.

### 03. 1346 — The battle of Crécy

- **Artwork:** Battle of Crécy, from Froissart’s Chronicles
- **Artist / photographer:** Loyset Liédet
- **Artwork date:** 15th century
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2643, fol. 165v
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84386043/f354
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Loyset Liédet
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1998 × 1755 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/03.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/03-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/03-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Battle of crecy froissart.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This later manuscript miniature depicts the battle of 1346. Its armor and visual conventions belong to the illuminator’s own century; it is not an eyewitness record.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette miniature postérieure représente la bataille de 1346. Les armures et les conventions visuelles reflètent le siècle de l’enlumineur : ce n’est pas un témoignage oculaire.

**Catalogue qualification.** Froissart wrote the chronicle; the illuminator is Loyset Liédet, as identified in the artwork record.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 3; original title: “Battle of Crécy”.

### 04. 1356 — A king captured at Poitiers

- **Artwork:** Battle of Poitiers, from Froissart’s Chronicles
- **Artist / photographer:** Loyset Liédet
- **Artwork date:** c. 1470–1480
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2643, fol. 207r
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Loyset Liédet
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1658 × 1446 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/04.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/04-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/04-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Battle-poitiers(1356).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A fifteenth-century visualization of the 1356 battle and the French defeat. Made more than a century later, it records how the event was remembered rather than observed.

**Relation à l’événement.** Vision du XVe siècle de la bataille de 1356 et de la défaite française. Réalisée plus d’un siècle après les faits, elle témoigne de leur mémoire plutôt que d’une observation directe.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 4; original title: “Battle of Poitiers”.

### 05. 1415 — The disaster at Agincourt

- **Artwork:** Battle of Agincourt
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous manuscript illuminator
- **Artwork date:** 1470–1480
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France — Français 2680, fol. 208
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous manuscript illuminator
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3501 × 2333 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/05.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/05-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/05-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Schlacht von Azincourt.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A later miniature from the abridged chronicle of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, depicting the battle of 1415. The manuscript author is not an identified artist.

**Relation à l’événement.** Miniature postérieure de l’Abrégé de la Chronique d’Enguerrand de Monstrelet, représentant la bataille de 1415. L’auteur de la chronique ne doit pas être confondu avec son enlumineur, non identifié.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 5; original title: “Battle of Agincourt”.

### 06. 1420 — Troyes: an English heir

- **Artwork:** The Conclusion of the Treaty of Troye
- **Artist / photographer:** William Hamilton (designer); R. Gerard (engraver)
- **Artwork date:** 1788
- **Institution / holding / archive:** The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 62.557.183
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Conclusion_of_the_Treaty_of_Troye,_Where_Henry_the_V,_King_of_England,_Receives_the_Princess_of_France_in_Marriage_MET_DP860138.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/712180
- **Rights:** CC0 / Public domain (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** William Hamilton; R. Gerard; published by Madame Breton / The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3669 × 3148 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/06.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/06-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/06-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `The Conclusion of the Treaty of Troye, Where Henry the V, King of England, Receives the Princess of France in Marriage MET DP860138.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** An eighteenth-century interpretation of the 1420 treaty and Henry V’s dynastic marriage to Catherine of Valois. It is a later historical reconstruction, not a medieval eyewitness image.

**Relation à l’événement.** Interprétation du XVIIIe siècle du traité de 1420 et du mariage dynastique d’Henri V avec Catherine de Valois. Il s’agit d’une reconstitution historique, non d’un témoignage médiéval.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 6; original title: “Treaty of Troyes disinherits the Dauphin”.

### 07. 1429 — Joan of Arc at Orléans

- **Artwork:** Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans
- **Artist / photographer:** Jules-Eugène Lenepveu
- **Artwork date:** c. 1886–1890
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Panthéon, Paris
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lenepveu,_Jeanne_d'Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d'Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jules-Eugène Lenepveu
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1508 × 2048 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/07.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/07-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/07-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Lenepveu, Jeanne d'Arc au siège d'Orléans.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A monumental nineteenth-century interpretation of Joan’s role in the relief of Orléans in 1429. The mural belongs to a commemorative cycle, not contemporary reportage.

**Relation à l’événement.** Interprétation monumentale du XIXe siècle du rôle de Jeanne dans la délivrance d’Orléans en 1429. Cette peinture appartient à un cycle commémoratif, et non à un reportage contemporain.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 7; original title: “Joan of Arc relieves Orléans”.

### 08. 1431 — Joan’s execution at Rouen

- **Artwork:** Joan of Arc’s Death at the Stake
- **Artist / photographer:** Hermann Anton Stilke
- **Artwork date:** 1843 (museum catalogue)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, ГЭ-5004
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc's_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/31496?lng=en
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Hermann Anton Stilke
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1341 × 1920 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/08.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/08-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/08-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Stilke Hermann Anton - Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** The right panel of Stilke’s nineteenth-century triptych imagines Joan’s execution at Rouen in 1431. It is a devotional historical interpretation made more than four centuries later.

**Relation à l’événement.** Le panneau droit du triptyque de Stilke imagine l’exécution de Jeanne à Rouen en 1431. C’est une interprétation historique et religieuse réalisée plus de quatre siècles après les faits.

**Catalogue qualification.** Commons and the linked museum catalogue give 1843; Commons also records a disputed reading of the painted signature as 1846. The displayed date is explicitly the catalogue date.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 8; original title: “Joan of Arc is executed”.

### 09. 1435 — Arras: a decisive reconciliation

- **Artwork:** The Conferences of Arras, from the Vigils of Charles VII
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Artwork date:** c. 1484
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 86r
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._86_recto,_Conf%C3%A9rences_d'Arras_(1435).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105380390/f183
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1758 × 1884 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/09.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/09-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/09-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Français 5054, fol. 86 recto, Conférences d'Arras (1435).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A late-fifteenth-century illumination of the 1435 negotiations at Arras, made roughly fifty years after the event. Martial d’Auvergne wrote the text; the image’s illuminator is not identified.

**Relation à l’événement.** Enluminure de la fin du XVe siècle représentant les négociations d’Arras de 1435, réalisée environ cinquante ans après les faits. Martial d’Auvergne est l’auteur du texte ; l’enlumineur n’est pas identifié.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 9; original title: “Treaty of Arras reconciles France and Burgundy”.

### 10. 1453 — Castillon: the last battle

- **Artwork:** The Battle of Castillon and the death of Talbot
- **Artist / photographer:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Artwork date:** c. 1484
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Français 5054, fol. 229v
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ais_5054,_fol._229v,_Bataille_de_Castillon_1453_-_d%C3%A9tail.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Anonymous illuminator
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1667 × 1295 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/10.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/10-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/hundred-years-war/10-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Français 5054, fol. 229v, Bataille de Castillon 1453 - détail.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** The miniature in Martial d’Auvergne’s Vigiles de Charles VII commemorates the battle of 17 July 1453 and the death of John Talbot. Made about a generation later, it belongs to the French memory of the war’s final victories rather than to eyewitness reportage.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette miniature des Vigiles de Charles VII de Martial d’Auvergne commémore la bataille du 17 juillet 1453 et la mort de John Talbot. Réalisée environ une génération plus tard, elle relève de la mémoire française des dernières victoires plutôt que du témoignage direct.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 10; original title: “The Hundred Years’ War ends”.


## The French Revolution

Folder: `assets/stories/revolution/`

### 01. 1789 — Storming of the Bastille

- **Artwork:** The Storming of the Bastille
- **Artist / photographer:** Jean-Pierre Houël
- **Artwork date:** 1789
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, département des Estampes et de la Photographie
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b103025148
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jean-Pierre Houël
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 8133 × 6181 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/01.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/01-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/01-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Prise de la Bastille.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Houël’s watercolor represents the attack on the Bastille on 14 July 1789, with the governor, de Launay, being taken away in the foreground. It is a contemporary depiction. This is the BnF watercolor, not the different Bastille painting held by the Musée Carnavalet.

**Relation à l’événement.** L’aquarelle de Houël représente l’attaque de la Bastille le 14 juillet 1789, avec le gouverneur de Launay emmené au premier plan. C’est une représentation contemporaine. Il s’agit de l’aquarelle de la BnF, et non de l’autre tableau de la Bastille conservé au musée Carnavalet.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 1; original title: “Storming of the Bastille”.

### 02. 1789 — The rights of man

- **Artwork:** Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
- **Artist / photographer:** Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier
- **Artwork date:** c. 1789
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée Carnavalet, Paris, P809
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_in_1789.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/node/152612
- **Rights:** Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier / Paris Musées, Musée Carnavalet
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3657 × 4636 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/02.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/02-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/02-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A contemporary allegorical presentation of the Declaration’s text. The figures and symbols frame the rights as foundational principles; this is a painting, not the original signed legislative document.

**Relation à l’événement.** Présentation allégorique contemporaine du texte de la Déclaration. Figures et symboles mettent en scène ces principes fondateurs ; il s’agit d’un tableau, non de l’acte législatif original signé.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 2; original title: “Declaration of the Rights of Man”.

### 03. 1791 — A constitutional monarchy

- **Artwork:** Louis XVI accepts the Constitution before the National Assembly
- **Artist / photographer:** Jean-Michel Moreau (designer); Joseph de Longueil (engraver)
- **Artwork date:** 1792
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, De Vinck 4271
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Roi_acceptant_la_Constitution_au_milieu_de_l'Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_-_le_14_septembre_1791_-_estampe_-_Moreau_invenit_%3B_De_Longueil_sculp._-_btv1b6948094h.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6948094h
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jean-Michel Moreau (designer); Joseph de Longueil (engraver)
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2048 × 3520 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/03.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/03-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/03-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Le Roi acceptant la Constitution au milieu de l'Assemblée nationale - le 14 septembre 1791 - estampe - Moreau invenit ; De Longueil sculp. - btv1b6948094h.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This near-contemporary print depicts the king’s acceptance on 14 September 1791, following the constitution’s adoption on 3 September. It represents the constitutional settlement, not the earlier vote itself.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette estampe presque contemporaine représente l’acceptation du roi le 14 septembre 1791, après l’adoption de la Constitution le 3 septembre. Elle montre la consécration du nouvel ordre constitutionnel, non le vote initial.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 3; original title: “The first written French constitution is adopted”.

### 04. 1792 — The First Republic

- **Artwork:** The Battle of Valmy
- **Artist / photographer:** Horace Vernet
- **Artwork date:** 1826
- **Institution / holding / archive:** National Gallery, London — NG2964
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valmy_Battle_painting.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/emile-jean-horace-vernet-the-battle-of-valmy
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Horace Vernet
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 6926 × 4226 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/04.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/04-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/04-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Valmy Battle painting.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Vernet’s later painting depicts Valmy on 20 September 1792, immediately before the monarchy was abolished and the Republic established. It represents the military setting, not the proclamation itself.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette peinture postérieure représente Valmy, le 20 septembre 1792, juste avant l’abolition de la monarchie et l’établissement de la République. Elle évoque le contexte militaire, et non la proclamation.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 4; original title: “The First Republic is proclaimed”.

### 05. 1793 — The execution of Louis XVI

- **Artwork:** Execution of Louis XVI, 21 January 1793
- **Artist / photographer:** Charles Benazech
- **Artwork date:** c. 1793
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée Carnavalet, Paris, P2766
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Benazech_-_Ex%C3%A9cution_de_Louis_XVI,_le_21_janvier_1793_-_P2766_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/node/110845
- **Rights:** Public domain artwork; CC0 1.0 digital reproduction
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Charles Benazech / Paris Musées, Musée Carnavalet
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 4719 × 3553 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/05.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/05-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/05-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Charles Benazech - Exécution de Louis XVI, le 21 janvier 1793 - P2766 - Musée Carnavalet.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A near-contemporary representation of the king with his confessor at the scaffold. The composition emphasizes his final moments; it is an artist’s account, not photographic or neutral evidence.

**Relation à l’événement.** Représentation presque contemporaine du roi et de son confesseur au pied de l’échafaud. La composition souligne ses derniers instants ; c’est un récit d’artiste, non un témoignage photographique ou neutre.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 5; original title: “Louis XVI executed, Republic declared”.

### 06. 1793 — The Terror

- **Artwork:** The Drownings at Nantes in 1793
- **Artist / photographer:** Joseph Aubert
- **Artwork date:** 1882
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée d’art et d’histoire de Cholet
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Noyades_de_Nantes-Joseph_Aubert.gif
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Joseph Aubert
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1280 × 540 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/06.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/06-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/06-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Noyades de Nantes-Joseph Aubert.gif`

**Relationship to this event.** A nineteenth-century condemnation of the mass drownings during the Terror at Nantes. This is a later reconstruction of violence in 1793–94, not an eyewitness image of the Terror’s beginning.

**Relation à l’événement.** Une dénonciation, au XIXe siècle, des noyades commises pendant la Terreur à Nantes. Il s’agit d’une reconstitution des violences de 1793–1794, et non d’un témoignage visuel du début de la Terreur.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Catalogue qualification.** Museum version, not the separate higher-resolution privately owned auction variant. Source is limited to 1280 × 540 pixels; no artificial upscaling.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 6; original title: “The Reign of Terror begins”.

### 07. 1794 — The fall of Robespierre

- **Artwork:** The Arrest of Robespierre: The Night of 9–10 Thermidor, Year II
- **Artist / photographer:** Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert, after Fulchran-Jean Harriet
- **Artwork date:** c. 1796
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée Carnavalet, Paris
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Tassaert_-_La_Nuit_du_9_au_10_thermidor_an_II.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert, after Fulchran-Jean Harriet
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3566 × 2601 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/07.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/07-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/07-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert - La Nuit du 9 au 10 thermidor an II.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This near-contemporary coloured engraving reconstructs the arrest at the Hôtel de Ville on the night of 27–28 July 1794. Its dramatic staging should not be read as a photograph of the scene.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette gravure en couleurs, proche des événements, reconstitue l’arrestation à l’Hôtel de Ville dans la nuit du 27 au 28 juillet 1794. Sa mise en scène dramatique n’est pas un enregistrement photographique.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 7; original title: “Robespierre falls”.

### 08. 1795 — The Directory

- **Artwork:** Audience of the Directory in Ceremonial Dress
- **Artist / photographer:** Jean Duplessi-Bertaux
- **Artwork date:** 1802
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France — RESERVE QB-370 (49)-FT4
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Audience_du_Directoire_en_Costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b530097647/f1
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jean Duplessi-Bertaux
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3128 × 2608 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/08.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/08-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/08-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Audience du Directoire en Costume - Google Art Project.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** The engraving depicts an audience of the newly established Directory on 30 Brumaire, Year IV (21 November 1795). Published in 1802, it recalls the regime’s early ceremonial appearance rather than its constitutional adoption.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette gravure représente une audience du nouveau Directoire le 30 brumaire an IV, soit le 21 novembre 1795. Publiée en 1802, elle évoque ses débuts institutionnels plutôt que l’adoption de la Constitution.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 8; original title: “The Directory takes power”.

### 09. 1799 — The coup of Brumaire

- **Artwork:** The Day of Saint-Cloud, 18 Brumaire
- **Artist / photographer:** Charles Monnet (designer); Isidore-Stanislas Helman and Jean Duplessi-Bertaux (engravers)
- **Artwork date:** 1800
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Journ%C3%A9e_de_Saint-Cloud_le_18_brumaire_-_Helman_Isidore-Stanislas.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84129002
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Charles Monnet (designer); Isidore-Stanislas Helman and Jean Duplessi-Bertaux (engravers)
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1354 × 1053 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/revolution/09.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/09-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/revolution/09-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Journée de Saint-Cloud le 18 brumaire - Helman Isidore-Stanislas.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Published just after the coup, this print depicts Bonaparte and the legislators at Saint-Cloud. Its title uses 18 Brumaire for the two-day episode of 9–10 November 1799.

**Relation à l’événement.** Publiée peu après le coup d’État, cette estampe représente Bonaparte et les députés à Saint-Cloud. Son titre emploie le 18 Brumaire pour désigner l’ensemble des journées des 9 et 10 novembre 1799.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 9; original title: “Napoleon seizes power”.


## Napoleon: Rise and Fall

Folder: `assets/stories/napoleon/`

### 01. 1769 — Born in Ajaccio

- **Artwork:** Room in Napoleon Bonaparte’s Birthplace, Ajaccio
- **Artist / photographer:** Possibly Henry Pauw van Wieldrecht
- **Artwork date:** c. 1886–1896
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam — RP-F-2007-359-64
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamer_in_geboortehuis_van_Napoleon_Bonaparte,_Ajaccio_Kamer_waarin_Napoleon_geboren_werd,_Ajaccio_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.452699
- **Rights:** Public domain; digitization released under CC0 1.0
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Possibly Henry Pauw van Wieldrecht
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 6364 × 4740 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/01.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/01-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/01-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Kamer in geboortehuis van Napoleon Bonaparte, Ajaccio Kamer waarin Napoleon geboren werd, Ajaccio (titel op object), RP-F-2007-359-64.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** An albumen photograph of the room identified as Napoleon’s birthplace in Ajaccio. It records the house more than a century after his birth; it does not show the room as it was in 1769.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette photographie à l’albumine montre la pièce présentée comme la chambre natale de Napoléon à Ajaccio. Réalisée plus d’un siècle après sa naissance, elle ne restitue pas l’état de la pièce en 1769.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 1; original title: “Napoleon Bonaparte born in Ajaccio”.

### 02. 1798 — The Egyptian expedition

- **Artwork:** General View of the Battle of the Pyramids, 21 July 1798
- **Artist / photographer:** Louis-François Lejeune
- **Artwork date:** 1808
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Château de Versailles — MV 6854 / MI 253
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Pyramids_(by_Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lejeune).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE012052
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Louis-François Lejeune
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3100 × 1354 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/02.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/02-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/02-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Battle of the Pyramids (by Louis-François Lejeune).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Painted ten years after the battle, this panoramic reconstruction represents the army’s victory during the invasion of Egypt. It is a French military interpretation, not a neutral eyewitness account of the campaign.

**Relation à l’événement.** Peinte dix ans après la bataille, cette reconstitution panoramique représente la victoire française pendant l’invasion de l’Égypte. Elle exprime un regard militaire français, et non un témoignage neutre sur la campagne.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 2; original title: “Napoleon’s Egypt campaign”.

### 03. 1799 — The coup of Brumaire

- **Artwork:** Bonaparte before the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud
- **Artist / photographer:** François Bouchot
- **Artwork date:** 1840
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée du Louvre, INV 2745; deposited at Versailles, MV 1952
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010237341
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** François Bouchot
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1833 × 1953 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/03.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/03-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/03-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Bouchot - Le general Bonaparte au Conseil des Cinq-Cents.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Bouchot’s later history painting depicts the confrontation of 10 November 1799, the second day of the Brumaire coup. It was commissioned for Louis-Philippe’s historical museum, not painted during the coup.

**Relation à l’événement.** Ce tableau d’histoire postérieur représente l’affrontement du 10 novembre 1799, deuxième journée du coup d’État de Brumaire. Il fut commandé pour le musée historique de Louis-Philippe, et non peint pendant les faits.

**Catalogue qualification.** Commons incorrectly places the event date in the painting Date field. The Louvre inventory explicitly dates creation and the signature to 1840; that is the date used here.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 3; original title: “Napoleon seizes power”.

### 04. 1800 — Across the Alps to Marengo

- **Artwork:** Napoleon Crossing the Alps
- **Artist / photographer:** Jacques-Louis David
- **Artwork date:** 1800–1801 (Year IX)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée national du château de Malmaison, M.M.49.7.1
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://musees-nationaux-malmaison.fr/chateau-malmaison/collection/objet/le-premier-consul-franchissant-les-alpes-au-col-du-grand-saint-bernard
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jacques-Louis David
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3394 × 4134 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/04.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/04-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/04-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `David - Napoleon crossing the Alps - Malmaison2.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** David turns the crossing of the Great St Bernard Pass into an image of heroic leadership. This official portrait evokes the 1800 campaign before Marengo; Napoleon actually crossed on a mule, not the rearing horse shown here.

**Relation à l’événement.** David transforme le passage du Grand-Saint-Bernard en une image de commandement héroïque. Ce portrait officiel évoque la campagne de 1800 avant Marengo ; Napoléon franchit réellement le col sur une mule, non sur ce cheval cabré.

**Catalogue qualification.** Museum record dates the work to 1800; signature is Year IX. Commons records the digital reproduction as PD-Art.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 4; original title: “Napoleon crosses the Alps and wins at Marengo”.

### 05. 1804 — The imperial coronation

- **Artwork:** The Coronation of Napoleon and Joséphine at Notre-Dame
- **Artist / photographer:** Jacques-Louis David, with Georges Rouget
- **Artwork date:** 1805–1807
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée du Louvre — INV 3699
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010065720
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jacques-Louis David, with Georges Rouget
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 6000 × 3773 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/05.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/05-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/05-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Jacques-Louis David - The Coronation of Napoleon (1805-1807).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** David’s official painting depicts Napoleon crowning Joséphine during the ceremony of 2 December 1804. Made shortly afterwards, it deliberately shapes imperial memory rather than recording every detail literally.

**Relation à l’événement.** La peinture officielle de David représente Napoléon couronnant Joséphine lors de la cérémonie du 2 décembre 1804. Réalisée peu après, elle construit une mémoire impériale plutôt qu’un relevé littéral de chaque détail.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 5; original title: “Napoleon crowned Emperor”.

### 06. 1804 — The Civil Code

- **Artwork:** The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries
- **Artist / photographer:** Jacques-Louis David
- **Artwork date:** 1812
- **Institution / holding / archive:** National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1961.9.15
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.nga.gov/artworks/46114-emperor-napoleon-his-study-tuileries
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jacques-Louis David
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3079 × 5135 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/06.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/06-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/06-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** David presents Napoleon as a working ruler, with the civil code among the symbols of his administration. Painted eight years after its enactment, the portrait evokes legislative authority rather than the 1804 act itself.

**Relation à l’événement.** David présente Napoléon en souverain au travail, le Code civil figurant parmi les symboles de son administration. Peint huit ans après sa promulgation, ce portrait évoque le pouvoir législatif plutôt que l’acte de 1804.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 6; original title: “The Napoleonic Code is enacted”.

### 07. 1805 — The battle of Trafalgar

- **Artwork:** The Battle of Trafalgar
- **Artist / photographer:** Clarkson Frederick Stanfield
- **Artwork date:** 1836
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Commissioned for the United Service Club, London; current holding not verified
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Clarkson Frederick Stanfield
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 5317 × 3048 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/07.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/07-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/07-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `The Battle of Trafalgar by William Clarkson Stanfield.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Painted three decades later, this British interpretation shows the naval battle of 21 October 1805. It represents the defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet, not an eyewitness view. The National Maritime Museum holds a smaller version of the composition.

**Relation à l’événement.** Peinte trois décennies après les faits, cette interprétation britannique représente la bataille navale du 21 octobre 1805. Elle évoque la défaite de la flotte franco-espagnole, sans constituer un témoignage visuel direct. Le National Maritime Museum conserve une version plus petite de la composition.

**Catalogue qualification.** Original large 1836 composition, not the smaller Caird Collection copy. Current repository of this version is not established by the source record.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 7; original title: “Battle of Trafalgar”.

### 08. 1806 — The end of the Holy Roman Empire

- **Artwork:** Emperor Francis II
- **Artist / photographer:** Joseph Kreutzinger
- **Artwork date:** c. 1805
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Schloss Laxenburg (as catalogued by Commons)
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_II._(Joseph_Kreutzinger,_um_1805).jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Joseph Kreutzinger
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2307 × 2917 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/08.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/08-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/08-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Franz II. (Joseph Kreutzinger, um 1805).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A portrait of the last Holy Roman Emperor shortly before he relinquished that title in 1806. The image identifies the ruler affected by Napoleon’s reordering of Germany; it does not depict the act of dissolution.

**Relation à l’événement.** Portrait du dernier empereur du Saint-Empire, peu avant son renoncement à ce titre en 1806. L’image présente le souverain concerné par la réorganisation de l’Allemagne sous Napoléon ; elle ne représente pas l’acte de dissolution.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 8; original title: “Napoleon dissolves the Holy Roman Empire”.

### 09. 1812 — The retreat from Russia

- **Artwork:** Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow
- **Artist / photographer:** Adolph Northen
- **Artwork date:** 1851
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Current location unidentified in the source record
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_Moscow_by_Adolph_Northen.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Adolph Northen
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1000 × 762 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/09.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/09-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/09-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Napoleons retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Northen’s nineteenth-century reconstruction depicts the exhausted French army retreating from Russia in 1812. Painted after the artist’s birth in 1828, it is historical interpretation rather than a contemporary record.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette reconstitution du XIXe siècle montre l’armée française épuisée pendant la retraite de Russie de 1812. L’artiste étant né en 1828, il s’agit d’une interprétation historique et non d’un témoignage contemporain.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Catalogue qualification.** Available source is only 1000 × 762 pixels. No synthetic upscaling. Current collection is explicitly unidentified; no museum attribution is invented.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 9; original title: “The invasion of Russia collapses”.

### 10. 1814 — Abdication and Elba

- **Artwork:** Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 31 March 1814
- **Artist / photographer:** Paul Delaroche
- **Artwork date:** 1846
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Royal Collection, RCIN 405838
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon_at_Fontainebleau,_31_March_1814_(by_Hippolyte_Paul_Delaroche).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.rct.uk/collection/405838/napoleon-at-fontainebleau-31-march-1814
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Paul Delaroche
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1690 × 2250 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/10.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/10-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/10-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 31 March 1814 (by Hippolyte Paul Delaroche).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Delaroche imagines Napoleon after learning that the Allies have entered Paris, just before his April 1814 abdication. This is the Royal Collection’s later version, not a contemporary portrait of the surrender or his arrival on Elba.

**Relation à l’événement.** Delaroche imagine Napoléon après l’annonce de l’entrée des Alliés dans Paris, avant son abdication d’avril 1814. Cette version tardive de la Royal Collection n’est pas un portrait contemporain de la capitulation ou de son arrivée à l’île d’Elbe.

**Catalogue qualification.** 1846 Royal Collection version; do not confuse with the 1845 Leipzig painting or the private-collection 1845 variant.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 10; original title: “Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba”.

### 11. 1815 — Waterloo

- **Artwork:** The Battle of Waterloo
- **Artist / photographer:** William Sadler II
- **Artwork date:** 1815 (as catalogued in the source)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Collection not stated; exhibited at Pyms Gallery, London, in 1999
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** William Sadler II
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1854 × 846 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/napoleon/11.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/11-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/napoleon/11-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG`

**Relationship to this event.** A panoramic interpretation of the battle that ended Napoleon’s Hundred Days on 18 June 1815. Sadler’s composition is a painting of the event, not a photograph or a claim to an eyewitness vantage point.

**Relation à l’événement.** Une interprétation panoramique de la bataille qui met fin aux Cent-Jours le 18 juin 1815. La composition de Sadler représente l’événement sans prétendre restituer le point de vue d’un témoin direct.

**Catalogue qualification.** Commons catalogues June 1815 but a precise execution date was not independently established. Published exhibition history is Pyms Gallery, 1999; present owner is not identified.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 11; original title: “Defeat at Waterloo”.


## Occupation & Liberation

Folder: `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/`

### 01. 1940 — France falls

- **Artwork:** German troops parade in occupied Paris
- **Artist / photographer:** Heinz Fremke
- **Artwork date:** June 1940
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-126-0350-26A
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-126-0350-26A,_Paris,_Einmarsch,_Parade_deutscher_Truppen.jpg
- **Rights:** CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-126-0350-26A / Fremke, Heinz / CC-BY-SA 3.0
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 800 × 546 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/01.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/01-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/01-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-126-0350-26A, Paris, Einmarsch, Parade deutscher Truppen.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A German military photograph of troops parading in Paris after its occupation in June 1940. Produced within the Wehrmacht propaganda apparatus, it records the occupation through the occupiers’ lens, not a neutral account of the defeat.

**Relation à l’événement.** Photographie militaire allemande d’un défilé à Paris après son occupation en juin 1940. Issue de l’appareil de propagande de la Wehrmacht, elle montre l’occupation du point de vue de l’occupant et non comme un témoignage neutre de la défaite.

**Rights qualification.** Credit and license link must accompany reuse. Web derivatives retain CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany; resizing/compression and the reversible viewport crop are disclosed. Consult the source record for prior edits.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 1; original title: “France falls; the Vichy regime is formed”.

### 02. 1940 — The Appeal of 18 June

- **Artwork:** French people in England read a poster by General de Gaulle
- **Artist / photographer:** Unidentified photographer, Office of War Information attribution
- **Artwork date:** Second World War, exact date unrecorded
- **Institution / holding / archive:** National Museum of the U.S. Navy, Lot 11632-7; Library of Congress reproduction LC-USZ62-105508
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:French_men_and_women_read_a_French_war_poster_written_by_General_de_Gaulle,_WWII_(24322369421).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://flickr.com/photos/127906254@N06/24322369421
- **Rights:** Public domain in the United States — federal government work, per source
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Unidentified photographer, Office of War Information attribution
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2747 × 2180 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/02.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/02-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/02-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `French men and women read a French war poster written by General de Gaulle, WWII (24322369421).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This wartime photograph shows readers of the À tous les Français poster in England. The poster helped circulate de Gaulle’s call to continue the fight, but it was issued after the 18 June broadcast and is not a transcript of that appeal. This is not a photograph of de Gaulle speaking on 18 June.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette photographie de guerre montre, en Angleterre, des lecteurs de l’affiche À tous les Français. Celle-ci diffuse l’appel à poursuivre le combat, mais paraît après l’émission du 18 juin et n’en est pas la transcription. Il ne s’agit pas d’une photographie de de Gaulle prononçant cet appel.

**Catalogue qualification.** The 2016 Flickr date is an upload date, not the photograph date. The Commons source identifies the OWI photograph and Navy/LOC references.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 2; original title: “De Gaulle’s Appeal of 18 June”.

### 03. 1940 — The Vichy regime

- **Artwork:** Pétain and the first government of Vichy
- **Artist / photographer:** Unidentified photographer
- **Artwork date:** July 1940 (catalogued as 18 July)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Poland
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Second_cabinet_of_Philippe_P%C3%A9tain,_1940.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain in the EU under the anonymous-work term, per Commons; other jurisdictions not verified
- **Rights link:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-anon-70-EU
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Unidentified photographer
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3500 × 2490 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/03.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/03-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/03-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Second cabinet of Philippe Pétain, 1940.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** The cabinet is photographed on the terrace of the Pavillon Sévigné at Vichy shortly after the regime’s establishment. The source dates it to 18 July while describing the identification as probable; it does not show the parliamentary vote of 10 July.

**Relation à l’événement.** Le gouvernement est photographié sur la terrasse du pavillon Sévigné à Vichy, peu après l’instauration du régime. La notice donne le 18 juillet tout en présentant l’identification comme probable ; l’image ne montre pas le vote parlementaire du 10 juillet.

**Rights qualification.** The source uses PD-anon-70-EU, not a worldwide clearance. U.S. status and the continued anonymity of the photographer have not been independently established; publisher review is required for the intended jurisdiction.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 3; original title: “The Vichy regime replaces the Third Republic”.

### 04. 1942 — The Vel’ d’Hiv roundup

- **Artwork:** Prisoners at the entrance to the Drancy internment camp
- **Artist / photographer:** Wisch (as credited by the Bundesarchiv)
- **Artwork date:** August 1941
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B10919
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg
- **Rights:** CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-B10919 / Wisch / CC-BY-SA 3.0
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 791 × 530 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/04.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/04-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/04-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B10919, Frankreich, Internierungslager Drancy.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This photograph predates the Vel’ d’Hiv roundup by almost a year. It contextualizes the internment system and Drancy, later a major deportation transit camp. It does not show the July 1942 arrests or establish that these pictured people were victims of that particular roundup. The archive preserves a biased wartime caption.

**Relation à l’événement.** Cette photographie précède de près d’un an la rafle du Vél’ d’Hiv. Elle évoque le système d’internement et Drancy, devenu un important camp de transit vers la déportation. Elle ne montre ni les arrestations de juillet 1942 ni des personnes identifiées comme victimes de cette rafle précise. La légende d’archives d’époque est partiale.

**Rights qualification.** Credit and license link must accompany reuse. Web derivatives retain CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany; resizing/compression and the reversible viewport crop are disclosed. Consult the source record for prior edits.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 4; original title: “The Vel’ d’Hiv Roundup”.

### 05. 1943 — Jean Moulin and the Resistance

- **Artwork:** Portrait of Jean Moulin
- **Artist / photographer:** Studio Harcourt
- **Artwork date:** 1937
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Studio Harcourt; RMN photographic source
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moulin_Harcourt_1937.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain in France under the collective-work term, per Commons; Studio Harcourt credit required
- **Rights link:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Harcourt
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Studio Harcourt
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 467 × 650 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/05.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/05-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/05-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Moulin Harcourt 1937.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A pre-war studio portrait of Jean Moulin, who coordinated Resistance movements and presided over the first Conseil national de la Résistance meeting in May 1943. It is not a photograph of that clandestine meeting.

**Relation à l’événement.** Portrait d’avant-guerre de Jean Moulin, qui coordonne les mouvements de Résistance et préside la première réunion du Conseil national de la Résistance en mai 1943. Il ne s’agit pas d’une photographie de cette réunion clandestine.

**Rights qualification.** The Commons record applies the French collective-work term and requires Studio Harcourt attribution under moral rights. U.S. and other jurisdictions are not independently cleared. Low-resolution archival source; not artificially upscaled.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 5; original title: “Jean Moulin unifies the Resistance”.

### 06. 1944 — D-Day in Normandy

- **Artwork:** Into the Jaws of Death
- **Artist / photographer:** Robert F. Sargent, U.S. Coast Guard
- **Artwork date:** 6 June 1944
- **Institution / holding / archive:** U.S. National Archives / Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://catalog.archives.gov/id/195515
- **Rights:** Public domain — U.S. Coast Guard work
- **Rights link:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-Military-Coast_Guard
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Robert F. Sargent / U.S. Coast Guard / NARA; Commons restored edition
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2963 × 2385 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/06.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/06-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/06-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Into the Jaws of Death 23-0455M edit.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Sargent photographed American troops leaving a landing craft for Omaha Beach on D-Day. This is an actual photograph of the landings, not a reenactment. The selected Commons edition is a documented restoration of the historical photograph; no AI reconstruction is used.

**Relation à l’événement.** Sargent photographie des soldats américains quittant une barge pour Omaha Beach le jour du Débarquement. C’est une photographie des opérations, et non une reconstitution. La version Commons choisie est une restauration documentée du cliché historique ; aucune reconstruction par IA n’est utilisée.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 6; original title: “D-Day landings in Normandy”.

### 07. 1944 — The liberation of Paris

- **Artwork:** Parisians celebrate liberation near the Hôtel de Ville
- **Artist / photographer:** Unidentified U.S. Army Signal Corps photographer
- **Artwork date:** 25 August 1944
- **Institution / holding / archive:** U.S. Army Signal Corps, SC 192997; digitization distributed by Signal Corps Archive
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SC_192997_-_This_group_of_happy_Parisians_near_the_Hotel_De_Ville,_celebrate_the_liberation_of_their_city._25_August,_1944._(53402051625).jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.flickr.com/photos/signalcorpsarchive/53402051625/
- **Rights:** Public domain in the United States — U.S. Army official work
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** U.S. Army Signal Corps, SC 192997 / Signal Corps Archive
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 4781 × 4343 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/07.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/07-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/07-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `SC 192997 - This group of happy Parisians near the Hotel De Ville, celebrate the liberation of their city. 25 August, 1944. (53402051625).jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** An actual photograph of Parisians celebrating near the Hôtel de Ville on the day of the German garrison’s surrender. It records the civilian experience of liberation rather than a later reconstruction.

**Relation à l’événement.** Photographie de Parisiens célébrant la Libération près de l’Hôtel de Ville le jour de la reddition de la garnison allemande. Elle témoigne de la joie des civils et n’est pas une reconstitution postérieure.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 7; original title: “Liberation of Paris”.

### 08. 1945 — Judging Vichy

- **Artwork:** Philippe Pétain during his trial
- **Artist / photographer:** Unidentified photographer
- **Artwork date:** 30 July 1945
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Getty Images historical photograph, as cited by Commons; original archive not identified
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proc%C3%A8s_P%C3%A9tain.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain in the EU under the anonymous-work term, per Commons; other jurisdictions not verified
- **Rights link:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-anon-70-EU
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Unidentified photographer
- **Depiction type:** photo
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 550 × 550 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/08.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/08-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/occupation-liberation/08-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Procès Pétain.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** An actual courtroom photograph from Pétain’s trial. It was taken on 30 July, before the verdict of 15 August; it must not be presented as a photograph of the sentencing itself.

**Relation à l’événement.** Photographie prise pendant le procès de Pétain, le 30 juillet. Elle précède le verdict du 15 août et ne doit pas être présentée comme une image du prononcé de la condamnation.

**Rights qualification.** The source uses PD-anon-70-EU, not a worldwide clearance. U.S. status and the continued anonymity of the photographer have not been independently established; publisher review is required for the intended jurisdiction.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Catalogue qualification.** The Commons reproduction is only 550 × 550 pixels. No higher-resolution licensed binary was obtained.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 8; original title: “Pétain is sentenced to death”.


## Louis XIV & Versailles

Folder: `assets/stories/louis-xiv/`

### 01. 1643 — A child becomes king

- **Artwork:** Portrait of the young Louis XIV
- **Artist / photographer:** Unidentified painter
- **Artwork date:** 1644
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Current collection unidentified; documented in Dorotheum and Hampel auction records
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_1644.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Unidentified painter
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 4600 × 5830 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/louis-xiv/01.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/01-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/01-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Portrait of Louis XIV 1644.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A portrait of Louis at about six, one year after his accession. The accompanying inscription links the image to the papal nuncio’s mission. It shows the child king, not the accession ceremony; Louis’s coronation took place later, in 1654.

**Relation à l’événement.** Portrait de Louis vers l’âge de six ans, un an après son avènement. L’inscription rattache l’image à la mission du nonce pontifical. Elle montre le roi enfant, non la cérémonie d’avènement ; son sacre n’a lieu qu’en 1654.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 1; original title: “Louis XIV becomes king”.

### 02. 1648 — The Fronde

- **Artwork:** Louis XIV as Jupiter, conqueror of the Fronde
- **Artist / photographer:** Charles Poerson
- **Artwork date:** c. 1652–1654
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Château de Versailles, MV 8073
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** http://collections.chateauversailles.fr/#68b1ba00-01b2-4af4-b195-c03bc333a173
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Charles Poerson
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 1662 × 1938 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/louis-xiv/02.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/02-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/02-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Louis XIV en Jupiter, vainqueur de la Fronde.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** This allegorical portrait celebrates the monarchy’s victory at the end of the Fronde, not its outbreak in 1648. The young king appears as Jupiter trampling weapons: an assertion of restored royal power, not a literal battle scene.

**Relation à l’événement.** Ce portrait allégorique célèbre la victoire monarchique à la fin de la Fronde, et non son déclenchement en 1648. Le jeune roi apparaît en Jupiter foulant des armes : une affirmation de l’autorité royale rétablie, non une scène de bataille littérale.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 2; original title: “The Fronde uprising begins”.

### 03. 1661 — Building Versailles

- **Artwork:** View of Versailles and its gardens from the Avenue de Paris
- **Artist / photographer:** Pierre Patel
- **Artwork date:** c. 1668
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Château de Versailles, MV 765 / INV 8790
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE004607
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Pierre Patel
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 2866 × 2081 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/louis-xiv/03.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/03-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/03-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Chateau de Versailles 1668 Pierre Patel.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Painted during Louis XIV’s lifetime, this view shows Versailles after the early enlargement campaign. It is evidence of the developing palace in 1668, not the beginning of construction in 1661. Louis XIII’s earlier château remains part of the complex.

**Relation à l’événement.** Peinte du vivant de Louis XIV, cette vue montre Versailles après les premiers agrandissements. Elle témoigne de l’état du château en 1668, et non du lancement des travaux en 1661. Le château antérieur de Louis XIII demeure intégré à l’ensemble.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 3; original title: “Construction begins at Versailles”.

### 04. 1682 — The court at Versailles

- **Artwork:** Ambassador of Siam before Louis XIV
- **Artist / photographer:** Sébastien Leclerc I
- **Artwork date:** Undated (artist’s lifetime, 1637–1714)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 53.600.2606
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambassador_of_Siam_before_Louis_XIV_MET_DP211597.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/386301
- **Rights:** CC0 1.0 — The Met Open Access
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Sébastien Leclerc I
- **Depiction type:** context
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 3697 × 2998 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/louis-xiv/04.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/04-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/04-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Ambassador of Siam before Louis XIV MET DP211597.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Leclerc’s etching represents the Siamese embassy at Louis XIV’s court, associated with the 1686 reception. It illustrates Versailles as a diplomatic stage after the court settled there in 1682, not the move itself. The museum does not give an exact production date.

**Relation à l’événement.** L’eau-forte de Leclerc représente l’ambassade siamoise à la cour de Louis XIV, associée à la réception de 1686. Elle évoque le rôle diplomatique de Versailles après l’installation de la cour en 1682, non le déménagement lui-même. Le musée ne donne pas de date précise de réalisation.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 4; original title: “The court moves to Versailles”.

### 05. 1685 — The revocation of Nantes

- **Artwork:** Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
- **Artist / photographer:** Jan Luyken
- **Artwork date:** Late 17th century (exact date not established)
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%A9vocation_de_l'%C3%A9dit_de_Nantes_par_Louis_XIV.jpg
- **Institution / originating record:** https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8406477v/f1
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Jan Luyken
- **Depiction type:** period
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 5606 × 4570 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/louis-xiv/05.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/05-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/05-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Révocation de l'édit de Nantes par Louis XIV.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** A period print representing Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes. It is an engraved interpretation of the event, not the original signed edict or a neutral photographic record. The revocation ended legal protection for Protestant worship.

**Relation à l’événement.** Estampe d’époque représentant la révocation de l’édit de Nantes par Louis XIV. Il s’agit d’une interprétation gravée, non de l’édit original signé ni d’un témoignage photographique neutre. La révocation supprime la protection légale du culte protestant.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 5; original title: “Revocation of the Edict of Nantes”.

### 06. 1715 — The end of the Sun King

- **Artwork:** The death of Louis XIV at Versailles, oil sketch
- **Artist / photographer:** Thomas Jones Barker
- **Artwork date:** 1839
- **Institution / holding / archive:** Musée Antoine Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin
- **Source record:** https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barker,_Death_of_Louis_XIV_at_Versailles,_sketch.jpg
- **Rights:** Public domain (per source record)
- **Rights link:** https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
- **Required / supplied attribution:** Thomas Jones Barker
- **Depiction type:** later
- **Source dimensions (catalogued):** 732 × 589 px
- **Intended files:** `assets/stories/louis-xiv/06.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/06-mobile.webp`, `assets/stories/louis-xiv/06-large.webp`
- **Commons filename:** `Barker, Death of Louis XIV at Versailles, sketch.jpg`

**Relationship to this event.** Barker imagined the king’s death more than a century after 1715. This surviving oil sketch belongs to the nineteenth-century tradition of historical painting; its staged gathering should not be read as an eyewitness account of the royal bedchamber.

**Relation à l’événement.** Barker imagine la mort du roi plus d’un siècle après 1715. Cette esquisse à l’huile conservée relève de la peinture d’histoire du XIXe siècle ; son rassemblement de personnages n’est pas un témoignage oculaire de la chambre royale.

**Image quality.** The verified source is low resolution. It is preserved without invented detail or artificial upscaling; full-screen sharpness will be limited.

**Catalogue qualification.** Only a 732 × 589 source reproduction was verified. No fabricated or AI-upscaled replacement is included.

**Verification.** Source file description and attribution reviewed; image binary not downloadable in the editing environment. Reviewed 2026-09-17.

Original array slot: 6; original title: “Death of Louis XIV”.